Crepet P, De Plato G
Int J Health Serv. 1983;13(1):119-29. doi: 10.2190/VVQT-KR04-VV3C-M0LQ.
In 1978, Italy became the first country in the world to pass a law eliminating mental hospitals and replacing them with services in the community. This victory was in large part due to the foresight and commitment of psychiatrist Franco Basaglia and his colleagues, whose work showed how psychiatric assistance could be realized in practice without asylums and without force and violence. This article analyzes why the anti-institutional reform took place in Italy when it did, and reviews twenty years of reform activity involving an alliance between democratic mental health professionals, politicians, workers' organizations, and private citizens. Although the reform gives psychiatry the opportunity to transform itself into a science of liberation, conservative political and scientific forces are attempting to maintain the logic of the asylum and replace the mental hospital with other institutions which continue to practice segregation in a decentralized form. The outcome of this radical experiment in creating a nonrepressive psychiatry remains uncertain.
1978年，意大利成为世界上第一个通过法律取消精神病院并以社区服务取而代之的国家。这一胜利在很大程度上归功于精神病学家弗朗哥·巴萨利亚及其同事的远见卓识和奉献精神，他们的工作展示了如何在没有精神病院、没有强制和暴力的情况下在实践中实现精神科援助。本文分析了反机构改革在意大利彼时发生的原因，并回顾了二十年的改革活动，这些活动涉及民主精神卫生专业人员、政治家、工人组织和普通公民之间的联盟。尽管改革为精神病学提供了将自身转变为一门解放科学的机会，但保守的政治和科学力量正试图维持精神病院的逻辑，并用其他以分散形式继续实行隔离的机构取代精神病院。这场创建非压制性精神病学的激进实验的结果仍不确定。
