Lewandowski L A, Kramer M
Nurs Res. 1980 May-Jun;29(3):170-9.
To investigate whether special care unit nurses have characteristics different from nurses who work in nonintensive care settings and whether SCU nurses make more effective role transformations than non-SCU nurses, this posthoc descriptive study utilized data from 213 new graduate nurses in their first jobs in eight medical centers across the United States. The 213 nurses were a subsample of 307 new graduate nurses in a parent study that tested effect of a bicultural orientation program in role transformation. The nurses in the subsample worked in one of four nursing areas: medical--surgical, medical--surgical specialty, parent--child, and SCU. They were pretested at six weeks of employment regarding their: professional, bureaucratic, and service role conceptions; total role deprivation; professional, bureaucratic, and bicultural role behavior; self-esteem; and degree of self-actualization. SCU nurses had significantly higher self-actualization scores initially than medical--surgical nurses. Posttesting at nine months of employment included all of the above variables plus measures of empathy and change-agent activity. Performance ratings and resignations were examined at one year of employment. Analyses of variance of the difference scores and posttest-only scores showed no significant differences by type of unit except for self-actualization. To examine the relationship between the degree of specialization and the variables under study, units were rank ordered according to degree of specialization. Nurses working on units which required the most specialization had significantly higher increases in bicultural scores and self-esteem and trends toward higher increases in bureaucratic role conception and higher performance ratings. However, SCU nurses also had the most decrease in professional role conception scores, least increase in self-actualization scores, least amount of empathy with co-workers, and least amount of effective change-agent activity--all undesirable occurrences.
为了调查特别护理单元的护士是否具有与非重症护理环境中工作的护士不同的特征，以及特别护理单元的护士是否比非特别护理单元的护士进行更有效的角色转变，这项事后描述性研究利用了来自美国八个医疗中心213名首次参加工作的新毕业护士的数据。这213名护士是一项母研究中307名新毕业护士的子样本，该母研究测试了双文化导向计划在角色转变中的效果。子样本中的护士在四个护理领域之一工作：内科 - 外科、内科 - 外科专科、亲子护理和特别护理单元。他们在入职六周时就其专业、官僚和服务角色观念、总体角色剥夺、专业、官僚和双文化角色行为、自尊以及自我实现程度进行了预测试。特别护理单元的护士最初的自我实现得分显著高于内科 - 外科护士。入职九个月时的后测试包括上述所有变量以及同理心和变革推动者活动的测量。在入职一年时检查了绩效评级和辞职情况。对差异分数和仅后测分数的方差分析表明，除自我实现外，各单元类型之间没有显著差异。为了研究专业化程度与所研究变量之间的关系，根据专业化程度对各单元进行了排名。在需要最高专业化程度的单元工作的护士在双文化得分和自尊方面有显著更高的增长，在官僚角色观念方面有更高增长的趋势以及更高的绩效评级。然而，特别护理单元的护士在专业角色观念得分方面下降最多，自我实现得分增长最少，对同事的同理心最少，有效的变革推动者活动也最少——所有这些都是不理想的情况。
