Shapiro A K, Shapiro E
Am J Psychother. 1982 Jul;36(3):379-90. doi: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1982.36.3.379.
This summary of the present status of tic disorders in based on our experience with 650 patients and review of the literature. The three major tic disorders, Transient Tic of Childhood, Chronic Motor Tic, and Tourette syndrome, now thought to have similar organic etiology, form a continuum with heterogeneity of symptoms and severity. This paper summarizes current understanding of the demography, illness-related characteristics, psychopathology, neuropathology, genetics, neurochemistry, and treatment.
本关于抽动障碍现状的综述基于我们对650例患者的经验以及文献回顾。三种主要的抽动障碍，即儿童短暂性抽动、慢性运动性抽动和图雷特综合征，目前认为具有相似的器质性病因，它们在症状和严重程度上存在异质性，形成了一个连续体。本文总结了目前对其人口统计学、疾病相关特征、精神病理学、神经病理学、遗传学、神经化学及治疗方面的认识。
