Carr E G, Newsom C D, Binkoff J A
J Appl Behav Anal. 1980 Spring;13(1):101-17. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1980.13-101.
This study sought to identify some of the variables controlling the severely aggressive behavior of two retarded children. In Experiment 1, each child was presented with several demand and nondemand situations. Aggression was frequent in the demand situations and rare in the nondemand situations. When a stimulus correlated with the termination of demands was introduced, aggression fell to a near zero level. In Experiment 2, for one child, a variety of preferred reinforcers was introduced into the demand situation contingent on correct responding. Aggression abruptly decreased to a low level. Experiments 3 and 4 involved the second child. In Experiment 3, this child was permitted, in one condition, to leave the demand situation if he emitted a nonaggressive response. Aggression decreased to a low level. In Experiment 4, he was prevented, in one condition, from leaving the demand situation in spite of high levels of aggression. Aggression fell to a near zero level. In Experiments 3 and 4, he was permitted, in several conditions, to leave the demand situation following aggressive behavior. Aggression increased to a high level. The results suggested that: (1) aggression can sometimes function as an escape response; and (2) escape-motivated aggression can be controlled by: (a) introducing strongly preferred reinforcers to attenuate the aversiveness of the demand situation; (b) strengthening an alternative, nonaggressive escape response; or (c) using an escape-extinction procedure.
本研究旨在确定一些控制两名智障儿童严重攻击性行为的变量。在实验1中，给每个孩子呈现了几种有要求和无要求的情境。在有要求的情境中攻击行为频繁出现，而在无要求的情境中则很少见。当引入与要求终止相关的刺激时，攻击行为降至接近零的水平。在实验2中，对于一个孩子，在有要求的情境中，根据正确反应引入了各种偏好的强化物。攻击行为突然降至低水平。实验3和4涉及第二个孩子。在实验3中，在一种条件下，如果这个孩子发出非攻击性行为，就允许他离开有要求的情境。攻击行为降至低水平。在实验4中，在一种条件下，尽管他有高水平的攻击行为，仍阻止他离开有要求的情境。攻击行为降至接近零的水平。在实验3和4中，在几种条件下，允许他在攻击行为后离开有要求的情境。攻击行为增加到高水平。结果表明：（1）攻击行为有时可以起到逃避反应的作用；（2）以逃避为动机的攻击行为可以通过以下方式控制：（a）引入强烈偏好的强化物以减轻要求情境的厌恶感；（b）强化一种替代性的、非攻击性的逃避反应；或（c）使用逃避消退程序。
