Williams L R, Gross J B
Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma). 1980;29(2):127-36. doi: 10.1017/s0001566000008606.
A total of 22 monozygotic (MZ) and 41 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs were given 72 trials on a stabilometer balance task over six days to study the extent of the genetic contribution to learning and performance of a gross motor skill. The expectations that interindividual differences would be less for the MZ than for the DZ twins and that intraindividual variability would not be different between the two groups were supported. Intraclass correlations were used to provide estimates for the proportions of total phenotypic variance accounted for by heritability (h2), systematic environmental variance (E2), and nonsystematic environmental effects (e2). Heritability was found to be low during the early stages of learning, before it increased to stabilize at approximately 65% for the remaining practice. E2 was highest during these early stages (24%), then declined quickly to stabilize at half that level. Error variance (e2) constituted the remaining variance. Learning profiles of the twin pairs were also analyzed, with a greater intrapair resemblance being found for the MZ twins. The present findings indicate that, for gross motor skills, there is considerable potential for influencing both the levels of performance (and learning) and the differences between individuals by judicious use of systematic environmental effects.
总共22对同卵双胞胎（MZ）和41对异卵双胞胎（DZ）在六天内进行了72次稳定仪平衡任务试验，以研究遗传因素对一项大运动技能学习和表现的影响程度。研究结果支持了以下预期：同卵双胞胎个体间差异小于异卵双胞胎，且两组个体内变异性无差异。组内相关系数用于估计遗传力（h2）、系统性环境方差（E2）和非系统性环境效应（e2）在总表型方差中所占的比例。研究发现，在学习的早期阶段遗传力较低，之后会增加并在剩余练习中稳定在约65%。E2在这些早期阶段最高（24%），然后迅速下降至该水平的一半并稳定下来。误差方差（e2）构成了剩余的方差。还分析了双胞胎对的学习概况，发现同卵双胞胎在双胞胎对中的相似性更高。目前的研究结果表明，对于大运动技能，通过明智地利用系统性环境效应，在影响表现（和学习）水平以及个体差异方面具有相当大的潜力。
