Rutter D R, Stephenson G M, Dewey M E
Br J Soc Psychol. 1981 Feb;20(Pt 1):41-52. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1981.tb00472.x.
Previous research suggests that visual communication plays a number of important roles in social interaction. In particular, it appears to influence the content of what people say in discussions, the style of their speech, and the outcomes they reach. However, the findings are based exclusively on comparisons between face-to-face conversations and audio conversations, in which subjects sit in separate rooms and speak over a microphone-headphone intercom which precludes visual communication. Interpretation is difficult, because visual communication is confounded with physical presence, which itself makes available certain cues denied to audio subjects. The purpose of this paper is to report two experiments in which the variables were separated and content and style were re-examined. The first made use of blind subjects, and again compared the face-to-face and audio conditions. The second returned to sighted subjects, and examined four experimental conditions: face-to-face; audio; a curtain condition in which subjects sat in the same room but without visual communication; and a video condition in which they sat in separate rooms and communicated over a television link. Neither visual communication nor physical presence proved to be critical variable. Instead, the two sources of cues combined, such that content and style were influenced by the aggregate of available cues. The more cueless the settings, the more task-oriented, depersonalized and unspontaneous the conversation. The findings also suggested that the primary effect of cuelessness is to influence verbal content, and that its influence on both style and outcome occurs indirectly, through the mediation of content.
先前的研究表明，视觉交流在社交互动中发挥着许多重要作用。特别是，它似乎会影响人们在讨论中所说内容的实质、说话风格以及达成的结果。然而，这些发现完全基于面对面交谈与音频交谈之间的比较，在音频交谈中，受试者坐在不同房间，通过麦克风 - 耳机对讲系统交谈，这排除了视觉交流。解读起来很困难，因为视觉交流与身体在场相互混淆，而身体在场本身会提供一些音频受试者无法获得的线索。本文的目的是报告两项实验，在这两项实验中，相关变量被区分开来，并且对内容和风格进行了重新审视。第一项实验利用了盲人受试者，再次比较了面对面和音频两种情况。第二项实验回到了有视力的受试者，研究了四种实验条件：面对面；音频；一种窗帘条件，即受试者坐在同一房间但没有视觉交流；以及一种视频条件，即他们坐在不同房间，通过电视链接进行交流。结果表明，视觉交流和身体在场都不是关键变量。相反，这两种线索来源相互结合，使得内容和风格受到可用线索总和的影响。场景中线索越少，对话就越以任务为导向、越缺乏人情味且越不自然。研究结果还表明，线索缺失的主要影响是影响言语内容，并且它对风格和结果的影响是间接的，通过内容的中介作用实现。
