Orbach I, Gross Y, Glaubman H
Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1981 Fall;11(3):180-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278x.1981.tb00783.x.
Eleven latency-age (6 1/2 to 12 1/2) boys and girls who attempted or threatened suicide were investigated by means of the following information: intensive interviews, therapeutic meetings, direct observation in school, meetings with teachers, and survey of school records. The families of the children were also interviewed. In spite of the many differences between the children's personalities and backgrounds, some common dynamic features seemed to emerge: (a) There was a suicidal parent in the family, in most cases the mother; (b) Most of the families of these children were engaged in a major crisis, not necessarily centered around the suicidal child; (c) The children experienced demands by the parents to assume responsibilities which the children perceived as being beyond their capability; (d) There was a lack of satisfying relationships with adults; (e) Most children perceived death in a paradoxical way, believing that death was a need satisfying state yet fearing death; (f) The children showed strong positive strivings to say alive and were able to experience joy and happiness in spite of feelings of desperation and depression. A model based on the above multifaceted forces is presented. These forces consist of attractiveness of life, repulsiveness of life, attractiveness of death, and repulsiveness of death. Some of diagnostic and predictive uses of this model are elaborated.
对11名处于潜伏期年龄（6岁半至12岁半）且有自杀企图或自杀威胁的男孩和女孩进行了如下调查：深入访谈、治疗性会面、在学校的直接观察、与教师的会面以及对学校记录的调查。还对这些孩子的家庭进行了访谈。尽管孩子们的性格和背景存在诸多差异，但一些共同的动态特征似乎显现出来：(a) 家庭中有一位有自杀倾向的家长，大多数情况下是母亲；(b) 这些孩子的大多数家庭都陷入了重大危机，不一定以有自杀倾向的孩子为中心；(c) 孩子们感受到父母要求他们承担责任，而他们认为自己无力承担；(d) 与成年人缺乏令人满意的关系；(e) 大多数孩子对死亡的认知自相矛盾，认为死亡是一种能满足需求的状态，但又惧怕死亡；(f) 孩子们表现出强烈的求生积极愿望，尽管感到绝望和沮丧，仍能体验到喜悦和幸福。提出了一个基于上述多方面因素的模型。这些因素包括生命的吸引力、生命的排斥力、死亡的吸引力和死亡的排斥力。阐述了该模型的一些诊断和预测用途。
