Prentice A M, Whitehead R G, Roberts S B, Paul A A
Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 Dec;34(12):2790-9. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/34.12.2790.
The energy intake of 143 pregnant and lactating Gambian women was measured prospectively each week for a year. Anthropometric, birth weight, and breast milk output measurements were also obtained. The average energy intakes (+/- SE) during the dry and wet seasons respectively were: pregnancy, 1483 +/- 22 and 1417 +/- 41 kcal/day; lactation (1st trimester), 1773 +/- 31 and 1474 +/- 42 kcal/day; lactation (subsequent trimesters), 1662 +/- 16 and 1413 +/- 37 kcal/day. Pregnant women gained 1.4 kg body weight per month in the dry season, but only 0.4 kg in the wet season. Lactating women gained weight in the dry season and lost weight in the wet season. Maternal nutritional status did not deteriorate with increasing parity. Mean birth weights (+/- SE) were: 2.94 +/- 0.07 and 2.78 +/- 0.11 kg in dry and wet seasons, respectively. Breast milk output and quality and early infant growth were close to values from well-nourished communities during the dry season, but deteriorated markedly during the wet season. Wet season energy intakes were clearly inadequate, but these results indicate that, despite being low by international standards, the dry season intake was compatible with a good lactational performance. Except for a somewhat low birth weight, which is partly explained by small maternal stature, progress during pregnancy was also remarkably normal during the dry season.
对143名冈比亚孕妇和哺乳期妇女的能量摄入情况进行了为期一年的前瞻性每周测量。同时还获取了人体测量数据、出生体重和母乳产量测量值。旱季和雨季期间的平均能量摄入（±标准误）分别为：孕期，1483±22千卡/天和1417±41千卡/天；哺乳期（头三个月），1773±31千卡/天和1474±42千卡/天；哺乳期（随后几个月），1662±16千卡/天和1413±37千卡/天。孕妇在旱季每月体重增加1.4千克，但在雨季仅增加0.4千克。哺乳期妇女在旱季体重增加，在雨季体重减轻。产妇营养状况并未随着胎次增加而恶化。平均出生体重（±标准误）分别为：旱季2.94±0.07千克，雨季2.78±0.11千克。旱季母乳产量、质量和婴儿早期生长接近营养良好社区的数值，但在雨季明显变差。雨季能量摄入明显不足，但这些结果表明，尽管按照国际标准较低，但旱季摄入量与良好的泌乳表现是相符的。除了出生体重略低（部分原因是母亲身材矮小）外，旱季孕期进展也非常正常。
