Sanders R E, Murphy M D, Schmitt F A, Walsh K K
J Gerontol. 1980 Jul;35(4):550-8. doi: 10.1093/geronj/35.4.550.
Younger (mean age = 23.9 years) and older (mean age = 73.9 years) adults were compared on a free recall task with lists of categorizable words. One-half of the subjects were given instructions to rehearse overtly during list study, and the remainder received standard (covert) instructions. Relative to covert rehearsal, overt rehearsal did not appear to affect the type of study strategy used by subjects. Age differences in free recall and category clustering were found, paralleled by clear age differences in rehearsal strategies. Young adults' rehearsal was active, serially organized early in a list, and then categorically organized for the rest of a list. Older adults' rehearsal was inactive and essentially nonstrategic, consisting mostly of single mentions of each list item. These results also show that direct strategy measures provide more information about the processes underlying age differences in memory than do outcome measures alone.
在一项使用可分类单词列表的自由回忆任务中，对较年轻（平均年龄 = 23.9岁）和较年长（平均年龄 = 73.9岁）的成年人进行了比较。一半的受试者被指示在列表学习期间进行公开复述，其余受试者接受标准（隐蔽）指示。相对于隐蔽复述，公开复述似乎并未影响受试者使用的学习策略类型。在自由回忆和类别聚类方面发现了年龄差异，同时在复述策略上也存在明显的年龄差异。年轻成年人的复述是积极的，在列表开头按顺序组织，然后在列表其余部分按类别组织。年长成年人的复述不活跃且基本没有策略，主要是对每个列表项目进行单次提及。这些结果还表明，直接的策略测量比单独的结果测量能提供更多关于记忆中年龄差异潜在过程的信息。
