Kales A, Soldatos C R, Caldwell A B, Charney D S, Kales J D, Markel D, Cadieux R
Am J Psychiatry. 1980 Oct;137(10):1197-201. doi: 10.1176/ajp.137.10.1197.
The authors evaluated the development and clinical course of nightmares and the personality patterns of people with this dosorder by studying 30 adults who had a current complaint of nightmares. Nightmares usually began in childhood or adolescence and were chronic. Psychological factors played a major role in the development and persistence of nightmares, major life events were often associated with the onset of the disorder, mental stress usually increased the frequency of events, and psychological testing indicated relatively high levels of psychopathology. Nightmares sufferers in general were distrusful, alienated, sufferers in general were distrustful, alienated, and emotionally estranged, and many showed a chronic schizoid pattern of adjustment, but they were not overtly psychotic.
作者通过研究30名当前主诉有噩梦症状的成年人，评估了噩梦的发展过程和临床病程以及患有这种疾病的人的人格模式。噩梦通常始于童年或青春期，且呈慢性。心理因素在噩梦的发展和持续中起主要作用，重大生活事件常与该疾病的发作相关，精神压力通常会增加事件的频率，心理测试表明心理病理学水平相对较高。一般来说，噩梦患者多疑、疏离、情感上有隔阂，许多人表现出一种慢性精神分裂样的适应模式，但他们并非明显的精神病患者。
