质量的标准、规范和准则：它们意味着什么？
Criteria, norms and standards of quality: what do they mean?
作者信息
Donabedian A
出版信息
Am J Public Health. 1981 Apr;71(4):409-12. doi: 10.2105/ajph.71.4.409.
Quality assessment requires specification of: 1) a set of phenomena that are usually attributes of either process or outcome; 2) a general rule of what constitutes goodness; and 3) a precise numerical statement of what constitutes acceptable or optimal goodness with respect to each of these phenomena. The terms "criteria," "norms," and "standards," as currently employed, do not correspond well with these three components, but they could be used effectively if the basic distinctions were understood. Alternatively, one could use, as corresponding terms, "elements," "parameters," and "standards." The terms "criteria," and "norms" would then be redefined and be available to be used more uniformly, while "standards" could be further differentiated according to method of measurement, configuration, level, and flexibility.
质量评估需要明确以下几点
1）一组通常作为过程或结果属性的现象；2）构成优良的一般规则；3）针对这些现象中的每一个，对构成可接受或最优优良程度的精确数值表述。目前使用的“标准”“规范”和“标准”这几个术语与这三个组成部分不太对应，但如果理解了基本区别，它们可以有效地使用。或者，可以使用“要素”“参数”和“标准”作为相应的术语。这样，“标准”和“规范”这两个术语将被重新定义，并可更统一地使用，而“标准”则可根据测量方法、配置、水平和灵活性进一步区分。
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