Alonzo A A, Reynolds N R
Department of Sociology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
Soc Sci Med. 1995 Aug;41(3):303-15. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(94)00384-6.
Stigma is a social construction which dramatically affects the life experiences of the individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and their partners, family and friends. While it has been generally recognized that the nature of stigma varies across illnesses, it has usually not been considered as changing and emerging over the course of a single illness. In this paper, HIV/AIDS is analyzed in terms of a stigma trajectory. The primary purpose is to conceptualize how individuals with HIV/AIDS experience stigma and to demonstrate how these experiences are affected by changes in the biophysical dimensions of HIV/AIDS. Four phases of the HIV/AIDS stigma trajectory are depicted: (1) at risk: pre-stigma and the worried well; (2) diagnosis: confronting an altered identity; (3) latent: living between illness and health; and (4) manifest: passage to social and physical death. The essential processes through which individuals personalize the illness, dilemmas encountered in interpersonal relations, strategies that are used to avoid or minimize HIV-related stigma, and subcultural networks and ideologies that are drawn upon to construct, avow, and adapt to an HIV identity are considered across the stigma trajectory.
耻辱感是一种社会建构，它极大地影响着感染人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）的个体及其伴侣、家人和朋友的生活经历。虽然人们普遍认识到耻辱感的性质因疾病而异，但通常并不认为它会在单一疾病的过程中发生变化和演变。在本文中，将从耻辱感轨迹的角度对艾滋病毒/艾滋病进行分析。主要目的是概念化艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染者如何体验耻辱感，并展示这些体验如何受到艾滋病毒/艾滋病生物物理层面变化的影响。描绘了艾滋病毒/艾滋病耻辱感轨迹的四个阶段：（1）风险期：耻辱感前和担忧健康者；（2）诊断期：面对身份改变；（3）潜伏期：在疾病与健康之间生活；（4）显现期：走向社会和身体死亡。在整个耻辱感轨迹中，将考虑个体使疾病个体化的基本过程、人际关系中遇到的困境、用于避免或尽量减少与艾滋病毒相关耻辱感的策略，以及用于构建、承认和适应艾滋病毒身份的亚文化网络和意识形态。
