Reiss D, Hetherington E M, Plomin R, Howe G W, Simmens S J, Henderson S H, O'Connor T J, Bussell D A, Anderson E R, Law T
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995 Nov;52(11):925-36. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950230039007.
Recent genetic evidence suggests that the most important environmental influences on normal and pathologic development are those that are not shared by siblings in the same family. We sought to determine the relationship between differences in parenting styles and depressive symptoms and antisocial behavior in adolescence, and to compare the influence of these nonshared experiences with genetic influences.
We studied 708 families with at least two same-sexed adolescent siblings who were monozygotic twins (93 families), dizygotic twins (99 families), ordinary siblings (95 families), full siblings in step families (181 families), half siblings in step families (110 families), and genetically unrelated siblings in step families (130 families). Data on parenting style were collected by questionnaire and by video recording of interaction between parents and children.
Almost 60% of variance in adolescent antisocial behavior and 37% of variance in depressive symptoms could be accounted for by conflictual and negative parental behavior directed specifically at the adolescent. In contrast, when a parent directed harsh, aggressive, explosive, and inconsistent parenting toward the sibling, we found less psychopathologic outcome in the adolescent.
Parenting behavior directed specifically at each child in the family is a major correlate of symptoms in adolescents. Furthermore, harsh parental behavior directed at a sibling may have protective effects for adolescents, a phenomenon we call the "siblin barricade."
近期的遗传学证据表明，对正常和病理发育最重要的环境影响是同一家庭中的兄弟姐妹所不共有的那些影响。我们试图确定养育方式的差异与青少年抑郁症状和反社会行为之间的关系，并比较这些非共享经历与遗传影响的作用。
我们研究了708个家庭，这些家庭中至少有两个同性别的青少年兄弟姐妹，他们分别是同卵双胞胎（93个家庭）、异卵双胞胎（99个家庭）、普通兄弟姐妹（95个家庭）、重组家庭中的全同胞（181个家庭）、重组家庭中的半同胞（110个家庭）以及重组家庭中无血缘关系的兄弟姐妹（130个家庭）。通过问卷调查以及父母与孩子互动的视频记录收集养育方式的数据。
青少年反社会行为中近60%的变异以及抑郁症状中37%的变异可由父母针对青少年的冲突性和负面行为来解释。相比之下，当父母对兄弟姐妹采取严厉、攻击性、爆发性和不一致的养育方式时，我们发现青少年的心理病理结果较少。
父母针对家庭中每个孩子的养育行为是青少年症状的主要相关因素。此外，父母对兄弟姐妹的严厉行为可能对青少年具有保护作用，我们将这一现象称为“兄弟姐妹屏障”。
