Feinberg M, Neiderhiser J, Howe G, Hetherington E M
Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
Child Dev. 2001 Jul-Aug;72(4):1266-84. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00346.
Agreement among reporters on features of family life, whether family members or outside observers, is considered to be low. This study, which involved a national sample of 720 families comprised of identical and fraternal twins, full siblings, half siblings, and biologically unrelated stepsiblings, examined the issue of low interrater agreement by decomposing the common and unique variance among parent, child, and observer reports of parenting behaviors (warmth and negativity) into genetic and environmental factors. Quantitative genetic analyses were employed to decompose the "Social" level of perception (common variance among parents, children, observers), the level of "Family" subculture (common variance only among parents and children), and the unique "Individual" level into genetic and environmental components. It was predicted that genetic factors would account for substantial portions of the variance at the Social and Family levels; nonshared environmental factors were expected to influence variance unique to child reports; and shared environmental factors were expected to influence variance unique to parent reports. A second and related aim of the study was to examine the subjective-objective dimension of genetic effects on measures of the environment. Results of model-fitting analyses generally supported the predictions for parental warmth and negativity at the Family and Individual levels. At the Social level, genetic factors were predominant for parental negativity and shared environmental factors for parental warmth. The findings are discussed in terms of genetically influenced child effects on parenting and methodological difficulties in constructing latent variables.
无论是家庭成员还是外部观察者，记者们对家庭生活特征的一致性都被认为较低。这项研究涉及一个由同卵双胞胎、异卵双胞胎、全同胞、半同胞以及无血缘关系的继兄弟姐妹组成的720个家庭的全国样本，通过将父母、孩子和观察者对养育行为（温暖和消极）的报告中的共同方差和独特方差分解为遗传和环境因素，研究了评分者间一致性较低的问题。采用定量遗传分析将“社会”层面的感知（父母、孩子、观察者之间的共同方差）、“家庭”亚文化层面（仅父母和孩子之间的共同方差）以及独特的“个体”层面分解为遗传和环境成分。预计遗传因素将占社会和家庭层面方差的很大一部分；非共享环境因素预计会影响孩子报告特有的方差；共享环境因素预计会影响父母报告特有的方差。该研究的第二个相关目标是检验遗传效应在环境测量上的主观-客观维度。模型拟合分析的结果总体上支持了在家庭和个体层面上对父母温暖和消极的预测。在社会层面，遗传因素在父母消极方面占主导，共享环境因素在父母温暖方面占主导。研究结果从遗传影响孩子对养育的作用以及构建潜在变量的方法学困难方面进行了讨论。
