Baranov A E, Guskova A K, Nadejina N M
Clinical Department, Institute of Biophysics, Moscow, Russia.
Stem Cells. 1995 May;13 Suppl 1:69-77.
Using the Chernobyl accident as an example, an attempt is made to consider the possibility of using the biological markers of exposure and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation in relation to biology dosimetry, and to predict early and late nonstochastic and stochastic radiation consequences. The biological dosimetry was based on the three markers: chromosome aberrations of peripheral blood lymphocytes, dynamics of blood cell (lymphocytes, neutrophils) counts and electron spin resonance (ESR) of tooth enamel. The first two methods can be applied in a short period of time (days or weeks) after exposure and only after high doses (> 0.5-1 Gy) of acute total body irradiation (TBI). The ESR tooth enamel method possesses dosimetric value at all conditions of uniform gamma TBI (acute, prolonged, chronic and high as well as low level of doses) and at any time after exposure. The low limit of sensitivity of the ESR test is about 0.1 Gy. The use of biological markers of effects of radiation exposure as early diagnostic signs was limited to clinical significant disorders of hemopoietic, immune systems and skin in conditions of acute high-dose irradiation. In cases of acute or prolonged irradiation in low doses, many changes on the cellular as well as organism level were discovered. However, there were not enough data on radiation specificity or dose dependence of these changes. Hence they cannot be considered as the indicators of clinically significant early and late nonstochastic effects. The role of biological markers of stochastic effects in clinical practice is discussed herein.
以切尔诺贝利事故为例，尝试探讨在生物剂量测定方面使用电离辐射暴露及其效应的生物标志物的可能性，并预测早期和晚期的非随机和随机辐射后果。生物剂量测定基于以下三个标志物：外周血淋巴细胞的染色体畸变、血细胞（淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞）计数动态以及牙釉质的电子自旋共振（ESR）。前两种方法可在暴露后的短时间内（数天或数周）应用，且仅适用于急性全身照射（TBI）高剂量（>0.5 - 1 Gy）的情况。ESR牙釉质方法在均匀伽马TBI的所有条件下（急性、长期、慢性以及高剂量和低剂量水平）以及暴露后的任何时间都具有剂量测定价值。ESR测试的灵敏度下限约为0.1 Gy。在急性高剂量照射情况下，将辐射暴露效应的生物标志物用作早期诊断指标仅限于造血、免疫系统和皮肤的临床显著紊乱。在低剂量急性或长期照射的情况下，在细胞以及机体水平发现了许多变化。然而，关于这些变化的辐射特异性或剂量依赖性的数据不足。因此，它们不能被视为临床显著的早期和晚期非随机效应的指标。本文讨论了随机效应的生物标志物在临床实践中的作用。
