Positive and negative regulations of albumin gene expression by retinoids in human hepatoma cell lines.

All-trans-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid (designated "acyclic retinoid") induced upregulation of the albumin gene expression at its transcriptional level, whereas all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) induced downregulation of the expression in both PLC/PRF/5 and HuH7 human hepatoma cell lines. These up- and down regulations of the albumin gene expression coordinated with high and low levels of mRNA for hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 (HNF-1), which is one of the most potent transcription factors for the albumin gene, implying that retinoids may regulate albumin gene expression through HNF-1 expression in opposite ways. The PLC/PRF/5 and HuH7 hepatoma cell lines expressed retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXR alpha) mRNA, whose expression was constitutive. Acyclic retinoid and all-trans-RA both induced upregulation of retinoic acid receptor-beta (RAR beta), and both suppressed cell proliferation-related phenotypic expressions by the alpha-fetoprotein gene and the c-myc oncogene. 9-cis-RA, whose receptor is known to be RXR alpha, also induced upregulation of albumin and HNF-1 expression. These results suggest that acyclic retinoid may act through both RXR alpha and RAR beta, whereas all-trans-RA conveys only RAR beta-mediated functions, at least in these two hepatoma cell lines.