Robinson C, Stern F, Halperin W, Venable H, Petersen M, Frazier T, Burnett C, Lalich N, Salg J, Sestito J
Division of Surveillance, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
Am J Ind Med. 1995 Jul;28(1):49-70. doi: 10.1002/ajim.4700280105.
Construction, one of the larger industries in the United States, employs 7.6 million workers, many in skilled trades occupations. Previously published data about potential worksite exposures and mortality of construction site workers are limited. We analyzed occupation and industry codes on death certificates from 19 U.S. states to evaluate mortality risks among men and women usually employed in construction occupations. Proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) for cancer and several other chronic diseases were significantly elevated among 61,682 white male construction workers who died between 1984 and 1986. Men younger than age 65, who were probably still employed immediately prior to death, had significantly elevated PMRs for cancer, asbestos-related diseases, mental disorders, alcohol-related disease, digestive diseases, falls, poisonings, traumatic fatalities that are usually work-related, and homicides. Elevated PMRs for many of the same causes were observed to a lesser degree for black men and white women whose usual industry was construction. In addition, women experienced excess cancer of the connective tissue and suicide mortality. Various skilled construction trades had elevated PMRs for specific sites, such as bone cancer and melanoma in brickmasons, stomach cancer in roofers and brickmasons, kidney and bone cancer in concrete/terrazzo finishers, nasal cancer in plumbers, pulmonary tuberculosis in laborers, scrotal cancer and aplastic anemia in electricians, acute myeloid leukemia in boilermakers, rectal cancer and multiple sclerosis in electrical power installers, and lung cancer in structural metal workers. Using a standard population of blue collar workers did not result in fewer elevated PMRs for construction workers. Despite lifestyle differences and other limitations of the study, the large numbers of excess deaths observed in this study indicate the need for preventive action for construction workers.
建筑业是美国较大的行业之一，雇佣了760万工人，其中许多人从事技术工种。此前发表的关于建筑工人潜在工作场所暴露和死亡率的数据有限。我们分析了美国19个州死亡证明上的职业和行业代码，以评估通常从事建筑职业的男性和女性的死亡风险。在1984年至1986年间死亡的61682名白人男性建筑工人中，癌症和其他几种慢性病的比例死亡率（PMR）显著升高。年龄小于65岁的男性，他们在死亡前可能仍在工作，其癌症、石棉相关疾病、精神障碍、酒精相关疾病、消化系统疾病、跌倒、中毒、通常与工作相关的创伤性死亡以及凶杀案的PMR显著升高。在通常行业为建筑的黑人男性和白人女性中，许多相同原因导致的PMR也有升高，但程度较轻。此外，女性结缔组织癌和自杀死亡率过高。各种建筑技术工种在特定部位的PMR升高，如砖匠的骨癌和黑色素瘤、屋顶工和砖匠的胃癌、混凝土/水磨石工的肾癌和骨癌、水管工的鼻癌、劳工的肺结核、电工的阴囊癌和再生障碍性贫血、锅炉工的急性髓系白血病、电力安装工的直肠癌和多发性硬化症以及结构金属工人的肺癌。使用蓝领工人的标准人群并没有使建筑工人升高的PMR减少。尽管存在生活方式差异和本研究的其他局限性，但本研究中观察到的大量额外死亡表明需要对建筑工人采取预防措施。
