Analysis of flagellin gene expression in flagellar phase variants of Campylobacter jejuni 81116.

Flagella production in Campylobacter jejuni 81116 is subject to phase variation; the bacterium is able to switch its flagellum synthesis, and thereby its motility, on and off. Under standard laboratory growth conditions flagellar phase variants can be maintained as stable, pure cultures. We found conditions that efficiently induced a phase shift in vitro. The flaA gene but not the flaB gene is subject to the on and off switch. Minor amounts of FlaB are still present in aflagellate cells. We previously showed that flagellin gene expression in phase variants was regulated at the transcriptional level. Here, sequence data prove that abolishment of flaA transcription is not caused by DNA rearrangements or mutations within the flagellin locus. Since flaA is preceded by a typical sigma 28 promoter a C. jejuni sigma 28 homolog could play a role in regulation of flaA gene expression but such a gene or protein could not be detected. However, in vitro transcription could be detected using sigma 28-holoenzyme preparations from Bacillus subtilis. Possible regulatory mechanisms that may control flagellar phase variation in Campylobacter are discussed.