Meroz M, Samberg Y
Poultry Disease Laboratory, Haifa, Israel.
Rev Sci Tech. 1995 Jun;14(2):273-91. doi: 10.20506/rst.14.2.839.
Hygiene and sanitation play a major role in any effective disease control programme for poultry production premises. One of the important requirements to facilitate hygiene and sanitation is adoption of the 'all-in/all-out' method (i.e. all the birds within a single establishment should be of the same age group), together with the restriction of each enterprise to a single type or species of bird. Poultry premises and buildings should comply with requirements for isolation from the environment and strict observance of principles of hygiene and disease prevention (e.g. restrictions on movement of staff, equipment and vehicles). A poultry site must be prepared methodically for the entry of each new batch (removal of birds, litter and manure; vector and rodent control; dry and wet cleaning; disinfection; fumigation). Attention should be paid to the terminal sanitation of houses and equipment after depopulation (physical and chemical cleaning, pressure washing, disinfection, fumigation). Particular care should be exercised in the performance of sanitary procedures after a disease outbreak. Immediate disposal of dead and diseased birds is an important and effective tool in preventing the dissemination of any disease. Disposal methods include the use of burial pits, tanks, burial in trenches, burning, rendering and composting. Regular visual inspection, together with routine testing by microbiological monitoring methods, is very effective in checking the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection.
卫生和环境卫生在任何有效的家禽养殖场所疾病控制计划中都起着重要作用。促进卫生和环境卫生的一项重要要求是采用“全进全出”方法（即同一养殖场内的所有家禽应属于同一年龄组），同时每个企业只养殖单一类型或品种的家禽。家禽养殖场和建筑物应符合与外界隔离的要求，并严格遵守卫生和疾病预防原则（例如对人员、设备和车辆的流动进行限制）。必须有条不紊地为每一批新家禽的入驻做好养殖场准备工作（清除家禽、垫料和粪便；控制病媒和啮齿动物；干湿清洁；消毒；熏蒸）。在清栏后，应注意禽舍和设备的终末卫生（物理和化学清洁、高压冲洗、消毒、熏蒸）。在疾病爆发后执行卫生程序时应格外小心。立即处理病死家禽是预防任何疾病传播的重要且有效手段。处理方法包括使用掩埋坑、罐体、沟渠掩埋、焚烧、提炼和堆肥。定期目视检查以及通过微生物监测方法进行常规检测，对于检查清洁和消毒效果非常有效。
