Jaffe L F
Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
Ciba Found Symp. 1995;188:4-12; discussion 12-7. doi: 10.1002/9780470514696.ch2.
Those calcium oscillations which go deep into cells take the form of 'fast' calcium waves. In fully active cells at room temperature, these move at 15-30 microns/s and are propagated by a reaction-diffusion mechanism governed by the Luther equation in which calcium ions are the only propagators and calcium-induced calcium release is the only reaction. However, they may be initiated by a second mode of Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In sea urchin fertilization, this second mode of Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release is in turn begun by calcium entering the sperm and thence the ER. Subsurface calcium waves include an important class of surface contraction waves which move at 0.3-3 microns/s and are called 'slow' waves. Their prototype is the 0.5 micron/s wave which accompanies and controls cytokinesis in large eggs. Slow waves may be propagated by mechanical tension rather than by diffusion. Recent work with Dictyostelium transfected with apoaequorin has provided the first views of free calcium patterns within a developing, multicellular organism. During most or all of development, those regions which will differentiate into stalk or stalk-like cells (as opposed to spores) exhibit frequent calcium pulses. These pulses are believed to be fast calcium waves and to feed back on these regions so as to favour non-spore differentiation.
那些深入细胞内部的钙振荡以“快速”钙波的形式出现。在室温下完全活跃的细胞中，这些钙波以15 - 30微米/秒的速度移动，并通过由路德方程控制的反应扩散机制进行传播，在该机制中钙离子是唯一的传播者，钙诱导的钙释放是唯一的反应。然而，它们可能由内质网（ER）腔内的第二种Ca(2+)诱导的Ca2+释放模式引发。在海胆受精过程中，这种第二种Ca(2+)诱导的Ca2+释放模式又是由钙进入精子进而进入内质网开始的。表面下钙波包括一类重要的表面收缩波，其移动速度为0.3 - 3微米/秒，被称为“慢速”波。其原型是伴随并控制大型卵子胞质分裂的0.5微米/秒的波。慢速波可能通过机械张力而非扩散进行传播。最近对转染了脱辅基水母发光蛋白的盘基网柄菌的研究，首次揭示了发育中的多细胞生物体内游离钙模式。在发育的大部分或全部过程中，那些将分化为柄或类似柄的细胞（与孢子相对）的区域会频繁出现钙脉冲。这些脉冲被认为是快速钙波，并对这些区域产生反馈作用，从而有利于非孢子分化。
