Mirvish S S
Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Omaha, NE, USA.
Cancer Lett. 1995 Jun 29;93(1):17-48. doi: 10.1016/0304-3835(95)03786-V.
The questions of whether and how N-nitroso compounds (NOC) may be inducing cancer in humans are discussed. The principal subjects covered include nitrite-derived alkylating agents that are not NOC, reasons for the wide tissue specificity of carcinogenesis by NOC, the acute toxicity of nitrosamines in humans, mechanisms of in vivo formation of NOC by chemical and bacterial nitrosation in the stomach and via nitric oxide (NO) formation during inflammation, studies on nitrite esters, use of the nitrosoproline test to follow human gastric nitrosation, correlations of nitrate in food and water with in vivo nitrosation and the inhibition of gastric nitrosation by vitamin C and polyphenols. Evidence that specific cancers are caused by NOC is reviewed for cancer of the stomach, esophagus, nasopharynx, urinary bladder in bilharzia and colon. I review the occurrence of nitrosamines in tobacco products, nitrite-cured meat (which might be linked with childhood leukemia and brain cancer) and other foods, and in drugs and industrial situations. Finally, I discuss clues from mutations in ras and p53 genes in human tumors about whether NOC are etiologic agents and draw some general conclusions.
本文讨论了N-亚硝基化合物（NOC）是否以及如何在人类中诱发癌症的问题。涵盖的主要主题包括并非NOC的亚硝酸盐衍生烷基化剂、NOC致癌作用具有广泛组织特异性的原因、亚硝胺对人类的急性毒性、胃中化学和细菌亚硝化作用以及炎症期间通过一氧化氮（NO）形成在体内形成NOC的机制、亚硝酸酯的研究、使用亚硝基脯氨酸试验追踪人体胃亚硝化作用、食物和水中硝酸盐与体内亚硝化作用的相关性以及维生素C和多酚对胃亚硝化作用的抑制。针对胃癌、食管癌、鼻咽癌、血吸虫病相关膀胱癌和结肠癌，综述了NOC导致特定癌症的证据。我回顾了烟草制品、亚硝酸盐腌制肉类（可能与儿童白血病和脑癌有关）及其他食物、药物和工业环境中亚硝胺的存在情况。最后，我讨论了人类肿瘤中ras和p53基因突变提供的线索，以探讨NOC是否为病因，并得出一些一般性结论。
