Apple R D
J Hum Lact. 1994 Mar;10(1):31-7. doi: 10.1177/089033449401000125.
In barely more than half a century, between the 1880s and the 1940s, infant feeding practices changed dramatically in the United States. In the nineteenth century, breastfeeding predominated, though alternatives were used in some cases. By the mid-twentieth century, the consensus of health care personnel and the general public supported medically-directed artificial infant feeding. A similar trend was apparent in New Zealand as well, although there the popularity of bottle-feeding occurred somewhat later and replaced breastfeeding more rapidly. Although the timing and pace of the shift from breastfeeding to bottle-feeding differed slightly for women in these geographically disparate parts of the world, the factors that influenced women's choices were similar (most particularly the medicalization of infant feeding and the institutionalization of childbirth), and the outcomes the same: women bottle-fed their infants.
在仅仅半个多世纪的时间里，即从19世纪80年代到20世纪40年代，美国的婴儿喂养方式发生了巨大变化。在19世纪，母乳喂养占主导地位，不过在某些情况下也会采用其他方式。到20世纪中叶，医护人员和普通大众的共识是支持医学指导下的人工婴儿喂养。新西兰也出现了类似的趋势，尽管在那里奶瓶喂养的普及稍晚一些，且取代母乳喂养的速度更快。尽管在世界上这些地理位置不同的地区，女性从母乳喂养转向奶瓶喂养的时间和速度略有不同，但影响女性选择的因素是相似的（最主要的是婴儿喂养的医学化和分娩的制度化），结果也相同：女性用奶瓶喂养婴儿。
