Satava R M
Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307, USA.
J Med Syst. 1995 Jun;19(3):275-80. doi: 10.1007/BF02257178.
Medical applications for virtual reality (VR) are just beginning to emerge. These include VR surgical simulators, telepresence surgery, complex medical database visualization, and rehabilitation. These applications are mediated through the computer interface and as such are the embodiment of VR as an integral part of the paradigm shift in the field of medicine. The Green Telepresence Surgery System consists of two components, the surgical workstation and remote worksite. At the remote site there is a 3-D camera system and responsive manipulators with sensory input. At the workstation there is a 3-D monitor and dexterous handles with force feedback. The VR surgical simulator is a stylized recreation of the human abdomen with several essential organs. Using a helmet mounted display and DataGlove, a person can learn anatomy from a new perspective by 'flying' inside and around the organs, or can practice surgical procedures with a scalpel and clamps. Database visualization creates 3-D images of complex medical data for new perspectives in analysis. Rehabilitation medicine permits impaired individuals to explore worlds not otherwise available to them, allows accurate assessment and therapy for their disabilities, and helps architects understand their critical needs in public or personal space. And to support these advanced technologies, the operating room and hospital of the future will be first designed and tested in virtual reality, bringing together the full power of the digital physician.
虚拟现实（VR）的医学应用才刚刚开始出现。这些应用包括VR手术模拟器、远程临场手术、复杂医学数据库可视化以及康复治疗。这些应用通过计算机接口进行介导，因此是VR作为医学领域范式转变不可或缺一部分的体现。绿色远程临场手术系统由两个部分组成，即手术工作站和远程工作站点。在远程站点有一个三维摄像系统和带有感官输入的响应式操纵器。在工作站有一个三维显示器和带有力反馈的灵活手柄。VR手术模拟器是对带有几个重要器官的人体腹部进行的程式化再现。使用头戴式显示器和数据手套，人们可以通过在器官内部和周围“飞行”，从一个全新的视角学习解剖学知识，或者使用手术刀和夹子练习手术操作。数据库可视化可为分析提供新视角，创建复杂医学数据的三维图像。康复医学使有缺陷的个体能够探索他们原本无法接触到的世界，为他们的残疾状况提供准确的评估和治疗，并帮助建筑师了解他们在公共或私人空间中的关键需求。为了支持这些先进技术，未来的手术室和医院将首先在虚拟现实中进行设计和测试，汇聚数字医生的全部力量。
