Elite Sport Department, Wingate Institute, 42902, Netanya, Israel.
Sports Med. 2013 Aug;43(8):675-94. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0049-6.
Training transfer as an enduring, multilateral, and practically important problem encompasses a large body of research findings and experience, which characterize the process by which improving performance in certain exercises/tasks can affect the performance in alternative exercises or motor tasks. This problem is of paramount importance for the theory of training and for all aspects of its application in practice. Ultimately, training transfer determines how useful or useless each given exercise is for the targeted athletic performance. The methodological background of training transfer encompasses basic concepts related to transfer modality, i.e., positive, neutral, and negative; the generalization of training responses and their persistence over time; factors affecting training transfer such as personality, motivation, social environment, etc. Training transfer in sport is clearly differentiated with regard to the enhancement of motor skills and the development of motor abilities. The studies of bilateral skill transfer have shown cross-transfer effects following one-limb training associated with neural adaptations at cortical, subcortical, spinal, and segmental levels. Implementation of advanced sport technologies such as motor imagery, biofeedback, and exercising in artificial environments can facilitate and reinforce training transfer from appropriate motor tasks to targeted athletic performance. Training transfer of motor abilities has been studied with regard to contralateral effects following one limb training, cross-transfer induced by arm or leg training, the impact of strength/power training on the preparedness of endurance athletes, and the impact of endurance workloads on strength/power performance. The extensive research findings characterizing the interactions of these workloads have shown positive transfer, or its absence, depending on whether the combinations conform to sport-specific demands and physiological adaptations. Finally, cross-training as a form of concurrent exercising in different athletic disciplines has been examined in reference to the enhancement of general fitness, the preparation of recreational athletes, and the preparation of athletes for multi-sport activities such as triathlon, duathlon, etc.
迁移训练作为一个持久的、多方面的、实际重要的问题，涵盖了大量的研究成果和经验，这些成果和经验描述了在某些练习/任务中提高表现如何影响其他练习或运动任务的表现的过程。这个问题对于训练理论和实践应用的各个方面都至关重要。最终，迁移训练决定了每个特定练习对目标运动表现的有用性或无用性。迁移训练的方法学背景包括与迁移模式相关的基本概念，即正迁移、中性迁移和负迁移；训练反应的泛化及其随时间的持久性；影响迁移训练的因素，如个性、动机、社会环境等。运动中的迁移训练在增强运动技能和发展运动能力方面有明显的区别。双侧技能迁移的研究表明，单侧肢体训练后会产生交叉迁移效应，这与皮质、皮质下、脊髓和节段水平的神经适应有关。运动想象、生物反馈和在人工环境中锻炼等先进运动技术的应用可以促进和加强从适当的运动任务到目标运动表现的迁移训练。在单侧肢体训练后对另一侧的影响、手臂或腿部训练引起的交叉迁移、力量/功率训练对耐力运动员准备情况的影响以及耐力工作量对力量/功率表现的影响等方面，对运动能力的迁移训练进行了研究。这些工作量相互作用的广泛研究结果表明，根据组合是否符合特定运动的需求和生理适应，存在正迁移或不存在正迁移。最后，作为不同运动项目中同时进行的训练形式的交叉训练，已经在提高一般健康水平、为娱乐运动员做准备以及为多运动项目（如三项全能、两项全能等）做准备方面进行了研究。
