Treatment of Legionnaires' disease. Current recommendations.

Legionnaires' disease is a relatively common cause of community-acquired pneumonia and of some outbreaks of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Moreover, Legionella pneumophila is frequently involved in the aetiology of the subset of pneumonias that is characterised by severe clinical course and high mortality. No sure clinical, radiographical or analytical features are useful in differentiating Legionella infection from other aetiologies of pneumonia. On the basis of these data, a rational initial therapeutic approach to community-acquired pneumonia, as well as to nosocomial pneumonia in certain circumstances, has to include an antimicrobial agent that is clinically effective against Legionella spp. Clinical studies have provided evidence that erythromycin is the first-line treatment. An intravenous dosage of 1g every 6 hours as initial therapy will be effective in most cases. Parenteral treatment may be switched to oral administration only after clinical response is observed. In vitro susceptibilities and preliminary experimental and clinical results suggest that clarithromycin will most likely become the preferred treatment once an intravenous preparation is available worldwide. However, orally administered clarithromycin at the dosage of 500 mg every 12 hours may be recommended in those developing countries in which health systems cannot afford the costs of intravenous therapy. In the case of clinically severe illness or in seriously immunosuppressed hosts with confirmed legionellosis, a combined therapeutic approach is warranted. Rifampicin 600 mg every 12 hours intravenously or orally has to be added to the usual dosage of erythromycin. Other alternative therapies, but with less distinct clinical efficacy, that can be combined with erythromycin are doxycycline 100 mg every 12 hours intravenously or orally, and intravenous ciprofloxacin 200 mg every 6 hours.