Ryan M
Centre of Russian and East European Studies, University of Wales, Swansea.
BMJ. 1995 Mar 11;310(6980):646-8. doi: 10.1136/bmj.310.6980.648.
In the Russian Federation today the high incidence of alcoholism and drunkenness helps to account for rising death rates, more particularly among the male population. During the mid-1980s a significant reduction in deaths from alcohol related diseases was achieved by state action in curtailing the supply of alcohol. However, official data disclose a pattern of sharply increased consumption per head since 1987, with high proof drinks--especially vodka--now forming a larger share in the total. In current economic conditions the effects of a traditional macho drinking culture are exacerbated by a reduction of state control over the quality of alcohol available for purchase. A substantial increase has occurred in deaths from most principal causes, with a disproportionate increase in deaths from non-natural causes, including deaths caused predominantly by alcohol. Average expectation of life at birth has fallen especially sharply for men; by 1993 it had slumped to 59.0 years--that is, to below the age at which a pension starts to be paid.
在当今的俄罗斯联邦，酗酒和醉酒的高发生率是导致死亡率上升的一个原因，在男性人口中尤为如此。20世纪80年代中期，通过国家采取行动减少酒精供应，与酒精相关疾病导致的死亡人数大幅下降。然而，官方数据显示，自1987年以来人均消费量急剧增加，高酒精度饮料——尤其是伏特加——在总量中所占份额现在更大了。在当前的经济状况下，由于国家对可购买酒精质量的管控减少，传统大男子主义饮酒文化的影响更加严重。大多数主要死因导致的死亡人数大幅增加，非自然原因导致的死亡人数不成比例地增加，其中主要包括酒精导致的死亡。男性出生时的平均预期寿命下降尤为明显；到1993年，已降至59.0岁——也就是说，低于开始领取养老金的年龄。
