Summerbell C D, Moody R C, Shanks J, Stock M J, Geissler C
Department of Nutrition, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, University of London, UK.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995 Jan;49(1):33-41.
To assess meals versus snacks in terms of their contribution to total daily energy intake (TDI), macronutrient composition, and food commodity profile.
Meals and snacks were assessed from 220 7-day weighed dietary records. 187 records were obtained from three separate existing studies, and reanalysed. These studies contained data on three different age groups in the British population; elderly group (n = 88), middle-aged group (n = 40), young adult group (n = 59). A separate study of 13-14-year-olds living in Croydon was conducted from which 33 usable diet records were collected (adolescent group).
Boys in the adolescent group consumed more of their TDI as snacks (29.0%) compared with men in the young adult (18.9%) and elderly groups (16.6%), but not the middle-aged group (25.8%). Females consumed about the same percentage of their TDI as snacks; adolescent group 23.6%, young adult group 19.4%, middle-aged group 21.4%, elderly group 17.9%. Meals were higher in protein and fat, and lower in total sugars, compared with snacks. Chocolate confectionery, crisps and fizzy drinks and squashes were popular snack foods in the adolescent group. Unlike snacks, the food commodity profiles of meals were similar in all age groups.
This study shows that foods and drinks consumed as snacks by the British public, including the elderly, have a relatively high total sugar composition. These results add to the concern relating snack foods with dental caries.
从每日总能量摄入（TDI）、宏量营养素组成和食品种类方面评估正餐与零食。
通过220份为期7天的称重饮食记录对正餐和零食进行评估。其中187份记录来自三项独立的现有研究，并进行了重新分析。这些研究包含了英国人口中三个不同年龄组的数据；老年组（n = 88）、中年组（n = 40）、青年成人组（n = 59）。另外对居住在克罗伊登的13 - 14岁青少年进行了一项研究，收集到33份可用的饮食记录（青少年组）。
青少年组男孩通过零食摄入的TDI比例（29.0%）高于青年成人组男性（18.9%）和老年组男性（16.6%），但与中年组男性（25.8%）相当。女性通过零食摄入的TDI比例大致相同；青少年组为23.6%，青年成人组为19.4%，中年组为21.4%，老年组为17.9%。与零食相比，正餐中的蛋白质和脂肪含量较高，总糖含量较低。巧克力糖果、薯片、汽水和果汁饮料是青少年组受欢迎的零食。与零食不同，各年龄组正餐的食品种类相似。
本研究表明，包括老年人在内的英国公众作为零食食用的食品和饮料总糖含量相对较高。这些结果进一步引发了对零食与龋齿关系的关注。
