Perceptual-motor exploration as a function of biomechanical and task constraints.

Four experiments are reported that were designed to examine perceptual-motor exploration employed in determining the solution to a dual-axis positioning task under various biomechanical and task constraints. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 used the two elbow joints to examine the impact of varying several geometric features of the relation between visual information and action in this task. Experiment 4 examined the use of within-limb, between-limb, and within-joint axes of motion in a similar task. The exploratory process was analyzed using a symbolic dynamic defined over nominal categories of visual information and actions elicited by the performer. The search strategy used to improve task performance was consistent across all the experimental manipulations imposed. The frequency pattern of nominal action categories demonstrated a preference for single-axis activity except in the within-joint condition which exhibited a preference for dual-axis activity. The pattern of preferred transitions among these action categories was also consistent across conditions, and lag sequential analysis revealed a robust tendency for cyclical activity in that opposite actions were often coupled in sequence. The topologically equivalent (extrinsic geometry) task spaces led to qualitatively similar search strategies when considered at the level of action-information interaction (intrinsic geometry). The physical implementation of this strategy was strongly influenced by the biomechanical constraints of the action system, while the manipulations of the geometric features of the action-information relation served only to influence the quantitative properties of performance outcome.