Biology of human alkaline phosphatases with special reference to cancer.

The current information on the cloning and sequencing of four alkaline phosphatase genes (PLAP, GCAP, IAP, TNAP) has been reviewed. It has provided insights into their evolutionary history and the mechanisms of catalysis and of uncompetitive inhibition. The oncodevelopmental biology of the germ cell and its excessive GCAP eutopic expression in neoplasia are noted, and there is reason to suggest that the enzyme may serve to guide migratory cells and to transport specific molecules such as fat and immunoglobulins across membranes. The hyperexpression of all four genes has been observed in various human tumors and in their cell lines, particularly cancers of the testis and ovary. The membrane APs have been investigated as targets for immunolocalization and immunotherapy.