Fox E
Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
Q J Exp Psychol A. 1995 Feb;48(1):26-40. doi: 10.1080/14640749508401373.
Research on visual selective attention has shown that processing of distractors can produce (1) interference with response to a concurrent target, and (2) negative priming of response to a subsequent target. These results support late-selection accounts of attention. However, recent findings demonstrate that when conditions are optimal for attentional focusing, the interference effects are almost entirely eliminated. This result has been interpreted as supporting early-selection accounts. The present study investigates the impact of focusing attention on negative priming in addition to interference effects. In a letter-identification task, reliable interference and negative priming effects were observed from distractors. However, when the location of the target in the prime display was pre-cued, interference effects were significantly reduced, but negative priming effects did not decrease. This pattern of results provides further evidence that the absence of interference is insufficient to determine whether distractors have been semantically processed (Driver & Tipper, 1989).
视觉选择性注意的研究表明，对干扰项的加工会产生：（1）对同时出现的目标反应的干扰，以及（2）对后续目标反应的负启动。这些结果支持了注意的晚期选择理论。然而，最近的研究发现表明，当条件有利于注意聚焦时，干扰效应几乎完全消除。这一结果被解释为支持早期选择理论。本研究除了考察注意聚焦对干扰效应的影响外，还探讨了其对负启动的影响。在一项字母识别任务中，观察到了来自干扰项的可靠干扰和负启动效应。然而，当启动显示中目标的位置被预先提示时，干扰效应显著降低，但负启动效应并未减少。这种结果模式进一步证明，干扰的不存在不足以确定干扰项是否已经进行了语义加工（Driver & Tipper，1989）。
