Socolar R R, Stein R E
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7225, USA.
Pediatrics. 1995 Jan;95(1):105-11.
To describe maternal beliefs and practices of spanking infants and toddlers and the relations between factors affecting these beliefs and practices.
Cross-sectional survey.
Site 1 was an inner-city teaching hospital pediatric clinic. Site 2 was a private pediatrician's office in a nearby suburban neighborhood.
Mothers of children less than 4 years old in the waiting area. Site 1: n = 104; site 2: n = 100.
Systematic sample of convenience.
Mothers were interviewed using a 20-minute structured questionnaire. Measures were constructed to assess beliefs (Cronbach's alpha = .90) and practices about spanking and approach to discipline (alpha > .71).
Belief in spanking correlated significantly (P < .001) with belief in negative approach (r = .52) and with the practice (r = .46) and severity (r = .34) of spanking. Nineteen percent of the mothers believed that there are times when it is appropriate to spank a child less than 1 year old, and 74% believed this about children 1 to 3 years old. Forty-two percent reported that they had spanked their own child in the past week. Mothers believed more strongly in spanking for dangerous misbehaviors than for annoying ones (P < .001). Belief in spanking and negative approach were stronger for older toddlers (P < .001). Belief in and frequency of spanking were more common at the inner-city site (P < .001).
The belief in and practice of spanking are prevalent in disciplining very young children. The context of the spanking affects beliefs and practices. The finding that belief and practice of spanking are highly correlated suggests that belief rather than impulse largely explains spanking of children less than 4 years old. The high correlation between spanking and negative approach toward discipline raises questions about whether negative consequences of spanking are the result of spanking per se, the negative approach toward the child, or both.
描述母亲对婴幼儿打屁股的看法和做法，以及影响这些看法和做法的因素之间的关系。
横断面调查。
地点1是市中心一家教学医院的儿科诊所。地点2是附近郊区的一家私人儿科医生诊所。
候诊区中4岁以下儿童的母亲。地点1：n = 104；地点2：n = 100。
方便抽样的系统样本。
使用一份20分钟的结构化问卷对母亲进行访谈。构建测量指标以评估对打屁股的看法（克朗巴哈系数α = 0.90）、打屁股的做法以及管教方式（α > 0.71）。
对打屁股的看法与对消极管教方式的看法显著相关（P < 0.001，r = 0.52），也与打屁股的做法（r = 0.46）和严重程度（r = 0.34）显著相关。19%的母亲认为有时对1岁以下的孩子打屁股是合适的，74%的母亲认为对1至3岁的孩子打屁股是合适的。42%的母亲报告说在过去一周内打过自己的孩子。母亲们认为因危险的不当行为而打屁股比因烦人的行为而打屁股更有必要（P < 0.001）。年龄较大的幼儿的母亲对打屁股和消极管教方式的看法更为强烈（P < 0.001）。在市中心的诊所，对打屁股的看法和打屁股的频率更为常见（P < 0.001）。
对打屁股的看法和做法在管教幼儿中很普遍。打屁股的背景会影响看法和做法。对打屁股的看法和做法高度相关这一发现表明，在很大程度上，看法而非冲动解释了对4岁以下儿童打屁股的行为。打屁股与消极管教方式之间的高度相关性引发了关于打屁股的负面后果是打屁股本身的结果、对孩子的消极管教方式的结果，还是两者共同作用的结果的疑问。
