Weinstein N D, Klein W M
Rutgers State University of New Jersey, USA.
Health Psychol. 1995 Mar;14(2):132-40. doi: 10.1037//0278-6133.14.2.132.
The tendency to believe that one's own risk is less than that of others may reduce interest in health-protective behaviors. This article describes 4 attempts to reduce such optimistic biases. In Study 1, New Jersey residents (N = 222) were provided with lists of risk factors for several health problems. This manipulation was strengthened in Study 2 by presenting risk factors in such a way that participants (164 undergraduates) might see their own standing as inferior to that of others. In Study 3, risk factors were presented one at a time, and participants (190 undergraduates) incorporated them into a mental image of a high-risk individual. Finally, 374 undergraduates in Study 4 generated lists of personal attributes that they believed increased their risk. Optimistic biases were found in each study, but none of the manipulations reduced these biases consistently. In contrast, conditions using opposite manipulations often exacerbated the biases.
认为自己的风险低于他人的这种倾向可能会降低人们对健康保护行为的兴趣。本文描述了4种减少此类乐观偏差的尝试。在研究1中，为新泽西州的居民（N = 222）提供了几种健康问题的风险因素列表。在研究2中，通过呈现风险因素的方式强化了这种操作，使参与者（164名本科生）可能会认为自己的状况不如他人。在研究3中，一次呈现一个风险因素，参与者（190名本科生）将它们纳入一个高风险个体的心理形象中。最后，研究4中的374名本科生列出了他们认为会增加自身风险的个人特质清单。在每项研究中都发现了乐观偏差，但没有一种操作能持续减少这些偏差。相比之下，使用相反操作的情况往往会加剧这些偏差。
