Stewart P A, Blair A
Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20892.
J Occup Med. 1994 Aug;36(8):918-23.
Several studies have examined disease risks for women separately from risks for men, but few have examined exposure differences. This report used data from an epidemiological study of formaldehyde workers to compare formaldehyde exposures between men and women. Exposures were estimated from historical monitoring results, walk-through workplace surveys, interviews with long-term workers, and reviews of historical records. The mean of the exposures in the first job, the last job, and the highest exposed job were calculated by gender. Differences were found when all subjects were included in the analysis (men having higher exposures, on average, than women), but when nonexposed subjects were removed (40% of women, 6% of men), differences were minor. There was a substantial difference in the estimated peak exposure between men and women that decreased, but remained, when only exposed subjects were included. Evaluation of exposures in 1940 to 1945, 1965, and 1979 found that women had a higher average exposure than men in 1940 to 1945, but this pattern was reversed in 1965. By 1979, the average difference between the two genders had disappeared. A comparison of cumulative exposure found that exposed women had half the total exposure of exposed men. More men than women were exposed to other chemicals. Women tended to predominate in clerical, laboratory, assembly, finishing, inspecting, packing, and shipping jobs.
多项研究分别考察了女性和男性的疾病风险，但很少有研究考察暴露差异。本报告使用了一项对甲醛工人的流行病学研究数据，以比较男性和女性之间的甲醛暴露情况。暴露量是根据历史监测结果、工作场所巡查、对长期工人的访谈以及历史记录审查来估算的。按性别计算了第一份工作、最后一份工作以及暴露量最高的工作中的暴露量均值。在将所有受试者纳入分析时发现了差异（平均而言，男性的暴露量高于女性），但在剔除未暴露受试者后（女性的40%，男性的6%），差异很小。在仅纳入暴露受试者时，男性和女性之间估计的峰值暴露量存在显著差异，该差异虽有所减小但依然存在。对1940年至1945年、1965年和1979年的暴露情况评估发现，1940年至1945年女性的平均暴露量高于男性，但这种模式在1965年发生了逆转。到1979年，两性之间的平均差异消失了。对累积暴露的比较发现，暴露女性的总暴露量是暴露男性的一半。暴露于其他化学物质的男性多于女性。女性往往在文职、实验室、装配、精加工、检验、包装和运输工作中占主导地位。
