Mayes L C
Yale Child Study Center.
Psychoanal Study Child. 1994;49:12-35. doi: 10.1080/00797308.1994.11823048.
Hartmann's theory of adaptation introduced the metapsychology of ego as an agent of adaptation to external reality as well as a defense against internal conflict. His notions of autonomous ego functions serving adaptation and of the child's biological preparedness for adaptation made a significant contribution to psychoanalytic developmental theory. However, the study of children developing in the midst of environmental discord and violence who enter such environments with or without an adequate endowment encourages a reappraisal of three issues in Hartmann's view of adaptation: (1) the developmental vicissitudes of adaptation, (2) the notion of an average expectable environment; and (3) the distinction between adaptation as state and as process. These issues are reviewed to outline factors that may preserve and foster adaptation for children in the face of adversity and chronic trauma. It is suggested that adaptation is better understood as the individual's reaching a relative state of autonomy vis-à-vis deviations from average expectable endowment, experience, or environment and as one that occurs not in spite of but in the context of adversity.
哈特曼的适应理论引入了自我的元心理学，将其视为适应外部现实以及抵御内部冲突的主体。他关于自主自我功能服务于适应以及儿童适应的生物准备性的观念，对精神分析发展理论做出了重大贡献。然而，对那些在环境失调与暴力中成长的儿童的研究，无论他们进入这样的环境时是否具备足够的天赋，都促使人们重新审视哈特曼适应观中的三个问题：（1）适应的发展变迁；（2）平均可预期环境的概念；（3）适应作为状态与作为过程的区别。对这些问题进行审视，以勾勒出在面对逆境和慢性创伤时可能保护和促进儿童适应的因素。有人认为，适应更好地理解为个体相对于偏离平均可预期天赋、经历或环境而达到的一种相对自主状态，并且是在逆境背景下而非不顾及逆境而发生的。
