de Waard D, Rooijers T
Traffic Research Centre, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands.
Accid Anal Prev. 1994 Dec;26(6):751-65. doi: 10.1016/0001-4575(94)90052-3.
Two field experiments were conducted to establish the most effective method of enforcement in reducing driving speed and to establish the most efficient strategy in terms of police force personnel required. In the first experiment, the effect of three variables on driving speed on motorways was studied. The first variable, intensity of enforcement, was manipulated by creating three different objective levels of apprehension for detected speeding drivers. The second variable was method of enforcement. On-view stopping and ticketing of offenders was compared to mailing of fines on the basis of the car's licence plate number. The third variable manipulated was the time delay in the mailing of fines. Time delay between detection of the offence and feedback to the driver was shortened in one condition. In a second experiment, police enforcement effort was optimized by relating intensity level of enforcement to the proportion of speeding vehicles. In the first experiment, police enforcement was applied for four weeks; in the second experiment, enforcement activities were continued for 12 consecutive weeks. In both cases the main dependent variable was driving speed. Before, during, and after the application of enforcement, speed was registered using induction loops. In addition, driver opinion about speeding and speed enforcement was studied using postal questionnaire surveys. The results show the largest and longest lasting reduction in driving speed in the highest intensity level-condition, giving support for a relation between objective chance of apprehension and speed choice. On-view stopping of offenders was shown to be a more effective method to reduce driving speed than mailing of fines. Some of these results are discussed in the light of game theory. The questionnaire surveys indicated that most drivers did not notice the recurrence in enforcement activities due to infrequent passing of the sections of motorways studied. The preventive effect of police enforcement appeared to be far more substantial than its repressive effect. Enforcement primarily deters the current nonoffender from speeding.
进行了两项实地实验，以确定在降低驾驶速度方面最有效的执法方法，并确定在所需警力人员方面最有效的策略。在第一个实验中，研究了三个变量对高速公路上驾驶速度的影响。第一个变量，执法强度，通过为被检测到超速驾驶的司机创造三种不同的客观被捕水平来进行操纵。第二个变量是执法方法。将对违法者的现场拦截开罚单与根据车牌号码邮寄罚款进行了比较。操纵的第三个变量是邮寄罚款的时间延迟。在一种情况下，缩短了违法行为检测到向司机反馈之间的时间延迟。在第二个实验中，通过将执法强度水平与超速车辆的比例相关联，优化了警察执法力度。在第一个实验中，警察执法持续了四周；在第二个实验中，执法活动连续持续了12周。在这两种情况下，主要因变量都是驾驶速度。在执法实施之前、期间和之后，使用感应线圈记录速度。此外，使用邮政问卷调查研究了司机对超速和速度执法的看法。结果表明，在最高强度水平条件下，驾驶速度的降低幅度最大且持续时间最长，这支持了被捕的客观可能性与速度选择之间的关系。事实证明，对违法者的现场拦截是比邮寄罚款更有效的降低驾驶速度的方法。其中一些结果根据博弈论进行了讨论。问卷调查表明，由于研究的高速公路路段不经常经过，大多数司机没有注意到执法活动的重复。警察执法的预防效果似乎远比其镇压效果更显著。执法主要是阻止当前未违法者超速。
