Hauser R M
Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706.
Child Dev. 1994 Dec;65(6):1541-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00834.x.
Income is more difficult to measure fully and accurately than occupation. Detailed occupational codes may be mapped into standard socioeconomic scales, and occupational status is related to other variables in much the same way as repeated or long-term measures of income. For these reasons, whether or not an attempt has been made to measure income, the measurement of socioeconomic status may be improved by ascertaining the occupation (and industry) of a job held by 1 or both parents. Income and household composition are preferable to the official poverty line in classifying economic standing, and housing tenure is a simple and powerful measure of economic consumption. Wherever possible, paternal as well as maternal education should be ascertained. However well they are measured, race-ethnicity and socioeconomic status do not capture all of the effects of family background.
与职业相比，收入更难全面、准确地衡量。详细的职业代码可以映射到标准的社会经济量表中，而且职业地位与其他变量的关系，与对收入的重复或长期测量的方式大致相同。出于这些原因，无论是否尝试测量收入，通过确定父母一方或双方所从事的职业（以及行业），社会经济地位的测量都可能得到改善。在对经济状况进行分类时，收入和家庭构成比官方贫困线更可取，而住房保有情况是衡量经济消费的一个简单而有力的指标。只要有可能，就应该确定父亲和母亲的教育程度。无论种族和社会经济地位的衡量多么完善，它们都无法涵盖家庭背景的所有影响。
