Voswinckel P
Institut für Medizin- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Medizinischen Universität zu Lübeck, Germany.
Kidney Int Suppl. 1994 Nov;47:S3-7.
The history of the urinary test papers does not being in the post-war period. As early as the 1880's some practitioners and pharmacists tried to replace the complicated wet-chemical procedures and apparatus by "dry chemistry." The first popular test paper for sugar and albumin originated in England in 1883. Dry reagents for proving hematuria have been available since the beginning of this century. Until the 1930s a wide palette of commercial urine tests with "modern" brand names was established. A methodological breakthrough was created by the spot test chemistry inaugurated by the Austrian, Fritz Feigl, about 1920. Using the capillary properties of filter paper in enhancing color reactions he founded a new area of analytical chemistry. Many of the pioneers were recruited from Jewish scientists. In this lecture is proposed that their emigration and banishment as well as the Second World War have stopped the development of urinary diagnostics on the European continent. In the post-war period the American industry succeeded to the leading position in the researching and marketing of test papers. In 1956, the triumphal progress of the "stick tests" began with the "Clinistix" (Ames Company, today Bayer Diagnostic).
尿液试纸的历史并非始于战后时期。早在19世纪80年代，一些从业者和药剂师就试图用“干化学”方法取代复杂的湿化学程序和仪器。1883年，英国出现了第一种广受欢迎的检测糖和白蛋白的试纸。自本世纪初以来，就有用于检测血尿的干试剂。到20世纪30年代，一系列带有“现代”品牌名称的商业尿液检测方法得以确立。大约在1920年，奥地利人弗里茨·费格尔开创的点滴试验化学带来了方法上的突破。他利用滤纸的毛细管特性增强颜色反应，开创了分析化学的一个新领域。许多先驱者都是犹太科学家。在本次讲座中提出，他们的移民、被驱逐以及第二次世界大战阻碍了欧洲大陆尿液诊断技术的发展。战后时期，美国工业在试纸的研发和销售方面占据了领先地位。1956年，随着“Clinistix”（艾姆斯公司，即如今的拜耳诊断公司）的出现，“试纸检测”取得了巨大成功。
