Smith A W, Akers T G
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1976 Oct 1;169(7):700-3.
Vesicular exanthema of swine (VES) was first recognized in 1932. At the time, eradication measures and, later, quarantine procedures were instituted and extension of the disease to surrounding farms appeared to have been prevented. Between 1932 and 1936, however, seemingly unrelated epizootics continued among swine herds being fed raw garbage. In 1936, VES disappeared only to reappear in 1939. The disease was contained within California until 1952, at which time it spread to all the major swine producing areas of the United States. The disease was eradicated in 1959, through the enforcement of laws prohibiting the feeding of raw garbage to swine. Other than the association with raw garbage, a reservoir for VES virus (VESV) was never found. In 1972, a virus isolated from California sea lions--and thus named the San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV)--proved to be distinguishable from VESV. When SMSV was injected into swine, clinical signs of vesicular exanthema developed, leading to the conclusion that, for all practical purposes, SMSV and VESV were the same. To date, 5 species of marine mammals and 2 species of terrestrial mammals, including feral swine, have been shown to possess antibodies to 1 or more of the 4 distinct SMSV serotypes. Current evidence suggests that SMSV infections occur among both terrestrial and marine mammals inhabiting the California coastal zones. This and the practice of shipping frozen meats known to contain SMSV to mink ranches in Utah point to the possibility that domestic swine in the United States are occasionally being exposed to SMSV. Although marine mammals are a source of SMSV, the primary virus reservoir is thought to be 1 or more submammalian marine species common to the southern California coastline. Such a primary reservoir presumably is the source of a new SMSV serotypes infecting marine mammals and may have been the original source of the VESV serotypes that infected swine through the intermediary of raw garbage.
猪水疱性疹（VES）于1932年首次被发现。当时，采取了根除措施，随后又实施了检疫程序，该病向周边农场的传播似乎得到了预防。然而，在1932年至1936年间，食用生垃圾的猪群中仍不断出现看似无关的 epizootics。1936年，VES消失，直到1939年再次出现。该病在1952年之前一直局限于加利福尼亚州，此后蔓延到美国所有主要的生猪产区。1959年，通过实施禁止向猪投喂生垃圾的法律，该病被根除。除了与生垃圾的关联外，从未发现VES病毒（VESV）的储存宿主。1972年，从加利福尼亚海狮分离出一种病毒——因此被命名为圣米格尔海狮病毒（SMSV）——被证明与VESV不同。当将SMSV注射到猪体内时，出现了水疱性疹的临床症状，从而得出结论，实际上SMSV和VESV是相同的。迄今为止，已证明5种海洋哺乳动物和2种陆生哺乳动物，包括野猪，对4种不同的SMSV血清型中的1种或更多种具有抗体。目前的证据表明，SMSV感染发生在居住在加利福尼亚沿海地区的陆生和海洋哺乳动物中。这一点以及将已知含有SMSV的冷冻肉类运往犹他州水貂养殖场的做法表明，美国的家猪偶尔可能接触到SMSV。尽管海洋哺乳动物是SMSV的一个来源，但主要的病毒储存宿主被认为是南加利福尼亚海岸线常见的1种或更多种低于哺乳动物的海洋物种。这样一个主要储存宿主大概是感染海洋哺乳动物的新SMSV血清型的来源，并且可能是通过生垃圾媒介感染猪的VESV血清型的最初来源。
