Schneider B
Abteilung Biometrie, Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover, Deutschland.
Wien Med Wochenschr. 1994;144(18-19):463-73.
Communication presumes the truth of statements. According to H. Weyl, the direct occurrence is subjective and absolute, the objective world relative, represented by figures and symbols, after induction of a co-ordinate system into the world. Sentences shall express relations between persons, things and properties. The message of a sentence is true, if the facts of a case prove right in reality. Thomas von Aquin: "Veritas est adaequatio rei et intellectus." To recognize a fact the reception of both "objective" signs and "subjective" forming of models are necessary. The objective and the subjective are linked strongly in the cognition. A true sentence develops if the meaning of the signs, which derive from the facts are in harmony with those, which come from the sentence by itself. Signs have to be decoded (subjectively). The attempt of making accessible the "objective" world is done with a system of rules and methods, which is without contradiction and clear in itself. Reality can be recognized only in that manner in which language can present it. "A sentence is true, if the facts of the case, which is referred by the sentence, are true." The problem, the reference of this message by itself, was solved by Tarski, inducing the term "object language" and declaring the sentences as objects of the natural (meta-)language. There are no terms as "true" or "wrong" in the object language. K. R. Popper differentiates 3 worlds: world of reality, of subjectivity, and of objectivity. Communication results from the subjective world, she rouses up emotions and reflexes. Nevertheless objectivity remains the controlling instance for messages and imaginations of the subjective ideas. The objective ideas differ from subject ones because of the possibility of associating ideas of a certain class of constellation of signals to the reality (concrete ideas), or because they can be found in a system of rules, which enables one to associate to a constellation of signals and to control this association (abstract ideas). These ideas of the "3rd world" may be regarded as supervising instances for intersubjective communication.
交流预设了陈述的真实性。按照H. 外尔的说法，直接的发生是主观且绝对的，客观世界是相对的，是在将坐标系引入世界后由图形和符号所代表的。句子应表达人、事物和属性之间的关系。如果一个案例中的事实在现实中被证明是正确的，那么一个句子所传达的信息就是真实的。托马斯·阿奎那说：“真理是事物与理智的符合。”要认识一个事实，“客观”符号的接收和模型的“主观”构建都是必要的。在认知过程中，客观与主观紧密相连。如果源自事实的符号的意义与句子本身所产生的意义相协调，那么一个真实的句子就形成了。符号必须被（主观地）解码。人们借助一个自身无矛盾且清晰的规则和方法体系来尝试通达“客观”世界。只有通过语言能够呈现现实的方式，现实才能被认识。“如果一个句子所提及的案例中的事实是真实的，那么这个句子就是真实的。”这个句子自身所指的问题，由塔尔斯基通过引入“对象语言”这一术语并将句子声明为自然（元）语言的对象而得以解决。在对象语言中不存在“真”或“假”这样的术语。K. R. 波普尔区分了三个世界：现实世界、主观世界和客观世界。交流源自主观世界，它唤起情感和反应。然而，客观性仍然是主观观念的信息和想象的控制实例。客观观念与主观观念不同，这是因为有可能将某一类信号组合的观念与现实联系起来（具体观念），或者因为它们可以在一个规则体系中被找到，这个规则体系使人们能够将其与信号组合联系起来并控制这种联系（抽象观念）。这些“第三世界”的观念可以被视为主体间交流的监督实例。
