Askew E W
Division of Foods and Nutrition, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Mar;61(3 Suppl):631S-637S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/61.3.631S.
When faced with hot, cold, or high-altitude environments, humans can either modify the microenvironment to fit human physiology, adapt their physiology to fit the environment, or use a combination of these two tactics. Metabolic adaptations to heat, cold, and high-altitude exposure may, in some instances, be accompanied by changes in nutrient requirements. Energy expenditure is increased in all three environments. B-vitamin cofactor requirements increase in proportion to energy expenditure (oxidation of fat and carbohydrate). Increased B-vitamin nutrient requirements are usually adequately met by an increased consumption of the diet to meet energy requirements. Other nutrients such as iron may be required in greater amounts to meet the altitude-induced hematopoietic response in females. Additional quantities of vitamins and minerals with antioxidant properties may be beneficial to reduce the increased oxidative stress associated with work in heat, cold, or high-altitude outdoor environments.
当面对炎热、寒冷或高海拔环境时，人类可以改变微环境以适应人体生理机能，使自身生理机能适应环境，或者结合使用这两种策略。在某些情况下，对热、冷和高海拔暴露的代谢适应可能伴随着营养需求的变化。在这三种环境中能量消耗都会增加。B族维生素辅因子的需求与能量消耗（脂肪和碳水化合物的氧化）成比例增加。通过增加饮食摄入量以满足能量需求，通常能充分满足增加的B族维生素营养需求。其他营养素，如铁，可能需要更多量来满足女性因海拔引起的造血反应。额外补充具有抗氧化特性的维生素和矿物质可能有助于减轻与在炎热、寒冷或高海拔户外环境中工作相关的氧化应激增加。
