Walsh C T, Sandstead H H, Prasad A S, Newberne P M, Fraker P J
Department of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118.
Environ Health Perspect. 1994 Jun;102 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):5-46. doi: 10.1289/ehp.941025.
This review critically summarizes the literature on the spectrum of health effects of zinc status, ranging from symptoms of zinc deficiency to excess exposure. Studies on zinc intake are reviewed in relation to optimum requirements as a function of age and sex. Current knowledge on the biochemical properties of zinc which are critical to the essential role of this metal in biological systems is summarized. Dietary and physiological factors influencing the bioavailability and utilization of zinc are considered with special attention to interactions with iron and copper status. The effects of zinc deficiency and toxicity are reviewed with respect to specific organs, immunological and reproductive function, and genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Finally, key questions are identified where research is needed, such as the risks to human health of altered environmental distribution of zinc, assessment of zinc status in humans, effects of zinc status in relation to other essential metals on immune function, reproduction, neurological function, and the cardiovascular system, and mechanistic studies to further elucidate the biological effects of zinc at the molecular level.
本综述批判性地总结了有关锌状态对健康影响范围的文献，涵盖从锌缺乏症状到过量接触的情况。结合年龄和性别的最佳需求，对锌摄入量的研究进行了综述。总结了锌的生化特性的现有知识，这些特性对于该金属在生物系统中的重要作用至关重要。考虑了影响锌生物利用度和利用率的饮食和生理因素，并特别关注与铁和铜状态的相互作用。从特定器官、免疫和生殖功能以及遗传毒性和致癌性方面综述了锌缺乏和毒性的影响。最后，确定了需要开展研究的关键问题，例如锌环境分布变化对人类健康的风险、人体锌状态的评估、锌状态与其他必需金属对免疫功能、生殖、神经功能和心血管系统的影响，以及进一步阐明锌在分子水平上生物学效应的机制研究。
