Diwu Z, Lown J W
Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
Pharmacol Ther. 1994;63(1):1-35. doi: 10.1016/0163-7258(94)90054-x.
Because of promising clinical results obtained with photodynamic therapy, more and more photosensitizers continue to be isolated (from natural sources), synthesized and evaluated, the development of which is considered to be a key factor for the successful clinical application of photodynamic therapy. Porphyrins and their analogs (as classical types of phototherapeutic agents) have been extensively reviewed. In this review, we have attempted to summarize the phototherapeutic potential (in particular, anticancer and antiviral aspects) of nonporphyrin photosensitizers (as a new generation of phototherapeutic agents) in more detail, which have been relatively much less reviewed hitherto. They include anthraquinones, anthrapyrazoles, perylenequinones, xanthenes, cyanines, acridines, phenoxazines and phenothiazines. They have shown certain phototherapeutic advantages over the presently used porphyrins. Some anthraquinones, perylenequinones, cyanines, phenoxazines and phenothiazines exhibit strong light absorption in the 'phototherapeutic window' (600-1000 nm), high photosensitizing efficacy and low delayed skin photosensitivity. Some of the nonporphyrin photosensitizers (such as rhodamine 123, merocyanine 540 and some cyanine cationic dyes) demonstrate higher selectivity for tumor cells. They can also be explored in connection with selective carcinoma photolysis strategy based on mitochondrion-, lysosome- or DNA-directed localization mode.
由于光动力疗法取得了令人鼓舞的临床效果，越来越多的光敏剂（从天然来源）不断被分离、合成和评估，其发展被认为是光动力疗法临床成功应用的关键因素。卟啉及其类似物（作为经典的光治疗剂类型）已得到广泛综述。在本综述中，我们试图更详细地总结非卟啉光敏剂（作为新一代光治疗剂）的光治疗潜力（特别是抗癌和抗病毒方面），迄今为止对其的综述相对较少。它们包括蒽醌、蒽吡唑、苝醌、呫吨、花青、吖啶、吩恶嗪和吩噻嗪。它们已显示出相对于目前使用的卟啉具有一定的光治疗优势。一些蒽醌、苝醌、花青、吩恶嗪和吩噻嗪在“光治疗窗口”（600 - 1000 nm）表现出强光吸收、高光敏化功效和低延迟皮肤光敏性。一些非卟啉光敏剂（如罗丹明123、部花青540和一些花青阳离子染料）对肿瘤细胞表现出更高的选择性。它们还可以结合基于线粒体、溶酶体或DNA导向定位模式的选择性癌光解策略进行探索。
