Stipa S, Ziparo V, Castorina S
First Department of Surgery, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy.
World J Surg. 1994 Sep-Oct;18(5):692-4; discussion 691. doi: 10.1007/BF00298904.
Since 1989 a national health system (NHS) has been in effect in Italy based on the constitutional principle that health care is a right of all citizens. Until 1992 the NHS had a secondary role in medical education, as the 33 medical schools for postgraduate training are under the control of the Ministry of University. The European Community legislation allowing free movement of M.D.s and specialists between member countries has resulted in standardization of teaching programs and formative curricula in the European Community. Therefore beginning in 1992, every 3 years the Ministry of Health and University establishes the number of specialists that can meet the needs of the NHS and allocates funds to each school for the salary obligations. The actual number of paid residents for surgical specialties is 941 per year (192 for general surgery). Until recently surgical training in Italy was mainly theoretic, as no legislation guaranteed that physicians in training would perform surgery. New legislation, increased exchanges with European hospitals, and improved and loyal cooperation between universities and the NHS will certainly improve the situation in coming years.
自1989年起，意大利实施了基于医疗保健是所有公民权利这一宪法原则的国家卫生系统（NHS）。直到1992年，NHS在医学教育中一直扮演次要角色，因为33所提供研究生培训的医学院由大学部管控。欧洲共同体允许医学博士和专科医生在成员国之间自由流动的立法，促使了欧洲共同体教学计划和形成性课程的标准化。因此，从1992年开始，卫生部和大学每隔3年确定能够满足NHS需求的专科医生数量，并向各学校分配资金以支付薪酬义务。外科专科带薪住院医生的实际数量为每年941人（普通外科为192人）。直到最近，意大利的外科培训主要是理论性的，因为没有立法保障接受培训的医生能够进行手术。新的立法、与欧洲医院的交流增加以及大学与NHS之间更好且忠诚的合作，肯定会在未来几年改善这种状况。
