Intron-containing globin genes in the insect Chironomus thummi.

All previously reported chironomid globin genes are intronless, suggesting that the ancestral chironomid globin gene was also intronless. In this study, the coding regions of the closely linked Chironomus thummi globin (Gbs) II beta and IX genes are shown to be interrupted by noncoding DNA bounded by a 5'-GT and a 3'-AG. Both genes have appropriately placed transcription and translation signals. Polymerase chain reactions on genomic DNA with oligonucleotides flanking and within the putative Gb II beta intron generated products the size predicted for a gene with a 64-nucleotide intron, and sequencing of a cloned PCR fragment also revealed the intron. A partial-length Gb II beta cDNA sequence exactly matches that of the Gb II beta coding regions. We conclude that the intron-containing chironomid globin genes are functional. Regions of the Gb II beta and IX genes spanning the introns are more similar (86%) than the exons themselves (72% similarity), possibly due to partial gene correction. Surprisingly, Gb II beta and IX gene homologues in C. tentans are intronless. If the common ancestor of chironomid globin genes was not intronless, introns were lost in at least three C. thummi globin-gene lineages, and more recently by Gb II beta and Gb IX genes in C. tentans. If, as previously believed, the ancestral chironomid globin gene was intronless, the ancestral chironomid globin gene was intronless, then an intron was recently acquired in only one C. thummi globin sublineage. These alternatives are discussed.