Conger R D, Ge X, Elder G H, Lorenz F O, Simons R L
Department of Sociology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
Child Dev. 1994 Apr;65(2 Spec No):541-61.
We propose a model of family conflict and coercion that links economic stress in family life to adolescent symptoms of internalizing and externalizing emotions and behaviors. The 180 boys and 198 girls in the study were living in intact families in the rural Midwest, an area characterized by economic decline and uncertainty. Theoretical constructs in the model were measured using both trained observer and family member reports. These adolescents and their parents were interviewed each year for 3 years during the seventh, eighth, and ninth grades. Our theoretical model proposes that economic pressure experienced by parents increases parental dysphoria and marital conflict as well as conflicts between parents and children over money. High levels of spousal irritability, coupled with coercive exchanges over money matters, were expected to be associated with greater hostility in general by parents toward their children. These hostile/coercive exchanges were expected to increase the likelihood of adolescent emotional and behavioral problems. Overall, results were consistent with the proposed model. Moreover, the hypothesized processes applied equally well to the behavior of mothers and fathers, as well as sons and daughters.
我们提出了一个家庭冲突与强制行为的模型，该模型将家庭生活中的经济压力与青少年内化和外化情绪及行为的症状联系起来。研究中的180名男孩和198名女孩生活在美国中西部农村地区的完整家庭中，该地区的特点是经济衰退和不稳定。模型中的理论构念通过训练有素的观察者和家庭成员的报告来衡量。在七年级、八年级和九年级期间，这些青少年及其父母每年接受一次访谈，持续3年。我们的理论模型提出，父母所经历的经济压力会增加父母的烦躁不安和婚姻冲突，以及父母与子女在金钱问题上的冲突。高水平的配偶易怒情绪，再加上在金钱问题上的强制性交流，预计会导致父母对子女普遍表现出更大的敌意。这些敌意/强制性交流预计会增加青少年出现情绪和行为问题的可能性。总体而言，结果与所提出的模型一致。此外，假设的过程同样适用于母亲和父亲以及儿子和女儿的行为。
