Başoğlu M, Paker M, Ozmen E, Taşdemir O, Sahin D
Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, England.
JAMA. 1994 Aug 3;272(5):357-63. doi: 10.1001/jama.1994.03520050037027.
To examine factors related to long-term psychological functioning in political ex-prisoners who had been subjected to systematic torture.
The psychological status of 55 tortured political activists, 55 nontortured political activists, and 55 subjects with no history of torture or political activism was assessed using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III for psychiatric assessment, Semi-structured Interview for Survivors of Torture, and other self-rated and assessor-rated measures of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Correlational and multiple regression analyses were used to assess the independent effects of precaptivity, captivity, and postcaptivity variables as predictors of long-term psychological status among the torture survivors.
Istanbul, Turkey.
Number of lifetime and current PTSD symptoms, and scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Depression Rating, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
Effect of captivity experience on various life areas (eg, family and social, economic, and employment status) and other postcaptivity psychosocial stressors were associated with PTSD symptoms, anxiety, and depression. Perceived severity of torture was related to PTSD symptoms but not to anxiety or depression. Lack of social support predicted anxiety and depression but not PTSD. Family history of psychiatric illness correlated with higher scores on most measures. Impact of captivity experience on family was the strongest predictor of PTSD symptoms.
These findings point to three types of stressors related to different aspects of psychopathology in survivors of torture: perceived severity of torture, secondary effects of captivity experience on various life areas, and general psychosocial stressors following captivity. Different interventions may be needed for three components of survivors' traumatic experience: cognitive and behavioral strategies for treatment of PTSD symptoms, marital or family strategies for minimizing the impact of the trauma on the family, and strategies for enhancing social support to minimize postcaptivity depression and anxiety.
研究遭受系统性酷刑的政治犯长期心理功能的相关因素。
使用《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第三版结构化临床访谈进行精神评估，对55名遭受酷刑的政治活动家、55名未遭受酷刑的政治活动家以及55名无酷刑或政治活动史的受试者的心理状况进行评估，同时采用《酷刑幸存者半结构化访谈》以及焦虑、抑郁和创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的其他自评和他评量表。采用相关分析和多元回归分析评估被捕前、被捕期间和被捕后变量作为酷刑幸存者长期心理状况预测因素的独立作用。
土耳其伊斯坦布尔。
终身和当前PTSD症状的数量，以及贝克抑郁量表、汉密尔顿抑郁量表、汉密尔顿焦虑量表和状态-特质焦虑量表的得分。
被捕经历对各个生活领域（如家庭和社会、经济和就业状况）的影响以及其他被捕后的心理社会应激源与PTSD症状、焦虑和抑郁有关。感知到的酷刑严重程度与PTSD症状有关，但与焦虑或抑郁无关。缺乏社会支持预示着焦虑和抑郁，但与PTSD无关。精神疾病家族史与大多数量表的高分相关。被捕经历对家庭的影响是PTSD症状最强的预测因素。
这些发现指出了与酷刑幸存者精神病理学不同方面相关的三种应激源：感知到的酷刑严重程度、被捕经历对各个生活领域的继发影响以及被捕后的一般心理社会应激源。对于幸存者创伤经历的三个组成部分可能需要不同的干预措施：治疗PTSD症状的认知和行为策略、将创伤对家庭的影响降至最低的婚姻或家庭策略，以及增强社会支持以将被捕后的抑郁和焦虑降至最低的策略。
