Campbell A, Muncer S
Department of Psychology, University of Durham, UK.
Br J Soc Psychol. 1994 Jun;33 ( Pt 2):233-40. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01021.x.
Previous research suggests that men hold an instrumental social representation of aggression in which aggression is viewed as a functional interpersonal act aimed at imposing control over other people while women view aggression in expressive terms as a breakdown of self-control over anger. The present study examines the relative contribution of gendered personality differences (communality-agency) and occupational role in accounting for these differences. Men and women in the armed forces and nursing profession completed the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ: Spence & Helmreich, 1976) together with a psychometric measure of their tendency to view aggression as expressive rather than instrumental (Expagg: Campbell, Muncer & Coyle, 1992). The results indicate that occupational role and sex are both important correlates of individuals' representations of aggression. Though agency showed a significant negative zero-order correlation with expressive aggression, the impact of gendered personality traits was diminished when occupation and sex were taken into account. The data strongly support social role theory's emphasis upon contemporaneous occupational factors in explaining sex differences in the understanding of aggression but are less supportive of the role of masculine and feminine personality traits.
先前的研究表明，男性对攻击性持有一种工具性的社会表征，在这种表征中，攻击性被视为一种功能性的人际行为，旨在对他人施加控制，而女性则从表达性的角度看待攻击性，将其视为对愤怒的自我控制的崩溃。本研究考察了性别化的人格差异（公共性-能动性）和职业角色在解释这些差异方面的相对贡献。武装部队和护理行业的男性和女性完成了《个人属性问卷》（PAQ：斯彭斯和赫尔姆赖希，1976年），以及一项关于他们将攻击性视为表达性而非工具性的倾向的心理测量（Expagg：坎贝尔、芒塞尔和科伊尔，1992年）。结果表明，职业角色和性别都是个体攻击性表征的重要相关因素。尽管能动性与表达性攻击性呈现出显著的负零阶相关，但在考虑职业和性别因素后，性别化人格特质的影响减弱了。数据有力地支持了社会角色理论对当代职业因素在解释攻击性理解中的性别差异方面的强调，但对男性和女性人格特质的作用支持力度较小。
