Campbell A, Sapochnik M, Muncer S
Department of Psychology, Durham University, UK.
Br J Soc Psychol. 1997 Jun;36 ( Pt 2):161-71. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1997.tb01125.x.
In contrast to the usual pattern of higher male aggression, girls have been shown to exceed boys on frequency measures of indirect aggression. Women also tend to view aggression in terms of an expressive social representation whereby it is seen to result from loss of self-control, in contrast to men who tend to describe it as an instrumental act aimed at exerting control over others. Sixteen items measuring different forms of aggressive behaviour were given to 105 undergraduates together with Expagg, a psychometric measure of social representation of aggression. Factor analysis of the aggression items revealed three scales: direct (verbal and physical), indirect instrumental and indirect expressive aggression. The only aggression scale showing a significant sex difference was indirect expressive aggression on which women scored higher than men. There was also a significant sex difference on Expagg with women showing a more expressive representation of aggression. However the point biserial correlation between sex and indirect expressive aggression was not diminished when expressive representation of aggression was partialled out. It is argued that indirect expressive aggression (involving bitching and avoiding) fails to show a relationship with social representation because it lacks the formal requirements of intentional harm and consequently is not an act of 'aggression'.
与男性攻击性较高的通常模式不同，研究表明女孩在间接攻击的频率测量上超过男孩。女性也倾向于从一种表达性的社会表征角度看待攻击行为，即认为攻击行为是由失去自我控制导致的，而男性则倾向于将其描述为一种旨在对他人施加控制的工具性行为。对105名本科生进行了16项测量不同形式攻击行为的测试，并同时使用了Expagg（一种攻击性社会表征的心理测量工具）。对攻击行为项目的因素分析揭示了三个量表：直接攻击（言语和身体攻击）、间接工具性攻击和间接表达性攻击。唯一显示出显著性别差异的攻击量表是间接表达性攻击，女性在该量表上的得分高于男性。在Expagg上也存在显著的性别差异，女性对攻击行为的表征更具表达性。然而，当排除攻击行为的表达性表征时，性别与间接表达性攻击之间的点二列相关并未减弱。有人认为，间接表达性攻击（包括背后说坏话和回避）与社会表征没有关系，因为它缺乏故意伤害的形式要求，因此不是一种“攻击”行为。
