Derryberry D, Reed M A
Department of Psychology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994 Jun;66(6):1128-39. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.66.6.1128.
Two studies used a target detection task to examine temperament-related attentional biases toward and away from significant stimuli. Pretarget cues were used to orient attention to locations carrying a positive incentive value (where points could be gained) or a negative value (where points could be lost). Under both involuntary and voluntary conditions, extraverts were slow to shift attention away from positive locations, whereas introverts were slow to shift from negative locations. These biases were enhanced on trials following negative feedback and tended to be strongest in Ss high in Neuroticism. The findings support models proposing that Extraversion reflects the combined activity of positive (strongest in extraverts) and negative (strongest in introverts) incentive motivational processes. They further suggest that incentive processes regulate the ability to shift attention away from, rather than toward, significant stimuli.
两项研究采用目标检测任务来检验与气质相关的对重要刺激的注意偏向和远离重要刺激的注意偏向。目标前线索用于将注意力导向具有正激励价值（可获得分数的地方）或负价值（会失去分数的地方）的位置。在非自愿和自愿条件下，外向者将注意力从正性位置转移开的速度较慢，而内向者从负性位置转移注意力的速度较慢。在负面反馈后的试验中，这些偏向会增强，并且在神经质得分高的被试中往往最为强烈。这些发现支持了这样的模型，即外向性反映了正向（在外向者中最强）和负向（在内向者中最强）激励动机过程的联合活动。它们还进一步表明，激励过程调节的是将注意力从重要刺激上转移开而不是转向重要刺激的能力。
