Blass E M, Ciaramitaro V
Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1994;59(1):I-V, 1-81.
Three studies of normal human newborns and of newborns of methadone-maintained mothers evaluated how orotactile (pacifier) and orogustatory (sucrose) stimulation, alone and in combination, affected crying behavior, heart rate, gross motor activity, eye opening, and hand-mouth coordination. For each measure of infant state, pacifier and sucrose stimulation each caused significant changes that followed very different time courses. Orotactile (pacifier) stimulation precipitated immediate changes in all behaviors, and, when the pacifier was removed, all behaviors soon reverted to baseline levels. The changes precipitated by orogustatory (sucrose) stimulation were more gradual but extended well beyond the end of sucrose administration. Although both pacifier and sucrose influences are mediated orally as opposed to in the stomach or intestine, the effects involve different brain pathways. The fact that infants born to methadone-maintained mothers did not change their behaviors during or after sucrose administration but that their reactions to pacifier stimulation could not be distinguished from those of normal infants suggests that reactions to sucrose are mediated centrally by endogenous opioids while those to the pacifier work through other central mechanisms. These findings with human newborns are consonant with those of many animal studies that have also shown rapid onset and rapid offset for contact- and suckling-induced behavioral changes, slower onset and slower offset for changes induced by taste, and opioid mediation of changes induced by the taste of sucrose. Orogustatory and orotactile influences on affect, action, and cardiovascular function are discussed from the perspectives of energetics and growth, central determinants of state, motivation, and learning during the newborn period.
三项针对正常人类新生儿以及母亲服用美沙酮的新生儿的研究，评估了口腔触觉（安抚奶嘴）和口腔味觉（蔗糖）刺激单独及联合作用时，对哭闹行为、心率、大肌肉活动、睁眼及手口协调能力的影响。对于每项婴儿状态指标，安抚奶嘴和蔗糖刺激均引起了显著变化，且变化的时间进程大不相同。口腔触觉（安抚奶嘴）刺激使所有行为立即发生变化，当移除安抚奶嘴后，所有行为很快恢复到基线水平。口腔味觉（蔗糖）刺激引发的变化较为缓慢，但持续时间远远超过蔗糖喂食结束后。尽管安抚奶嘴和蔗糖的影响都是通过口腔介导，而非胃或肠道，但它们涉及不同的脑通路。母亲服用美沙酮的新生儿在蔗糖喂食期间及之后行为未发生变化，但其对安抚奶嘴刺激的反应与正常婴儿并无差异，这表明对蔗糖的反应是由内源性阿片类物质在中枢介导，而对安抚奶嘴的反应则通过其他中枢机制起作用。这些关于人类新生儿的研究结果与许多动物研究结果一致，那些动物研究也表明，接触和吮吸诱导的行为变化起效快、消退快，味觉诱导的变化起效慢、消退慢，且蔗糖味道诱导的变化由阿片类物质介导。本文从能量学和生长、新生儿期状态的中枢决定因素、动机及学习等角度，讨论了口腔味觉和口腔触觉对情感、行为及心血管功能的影响。
